POLUSI UDARA

Oleh : GIRI NURPRIBADI,S.T.P.,M.M.

NIDN : 0413086804
 INTRODUCTION - AIR POLLUTION PERSPECTIVE

AIR POLLUTION IS OF PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN ON THE MICRO,MESO, AND MACRO

SCALES.INDOOR AIR POLLUTION RESULTS FROM PRODUCTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS,THE INADEQUACY OF GENERAL VENTILATION,AND GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
THAT MAY RESULT IN EXPOSURE TO NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.
INDUSTRIAL AND MOBILE SOURCES CONTRIBUTE TO MESOSCALE AIR POLLUTION THAT
CONTAMINATES THE AMBIENT AIR THAT SURROUNDS OUTDOORS.MACROSCALE(OR
GLOBAL) EFFECTS INCLUDE TRANSPORT OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTANTS OVER LARGE
DISTANCES.EXAMPLES OF MACROSCALE EFFECTS INCLUDE ACID RAIN AND OZONE
POLLUTION.GLOBAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION RESULT FROM SOURCES THAT MAY
POTENTIALLY CHANGE THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE ,EXAMPLES OF WHICH INCLUDE
DEPLETION OF THE OZONE LAYER AND GLOBAL WARMING.ALTHOUGH MICRO AND
MACROSCALE EFFECTS ARE OF CONCERN,OUR FOCUS WILL PREDOMINANTLY BE ON
MESOSCALE AIR POLLUTION.
 FUNDAMENTALS – Pressure Relationships and Units of Measure

• The fundamental relationships of pressure and the units of measure used in discussing air pollution were
presented in Chapter 2. They are micrograms per cubic meter,parts per million (ppm),and the
micrometer.Micrograms per cubic meter and parts per million are measures of concentration and are both used to
indicate the concentration of gaseous pollutant.Conversion from one of these units to the other was discussed in
Chapter 2.The concentration of particulate matter may be reported only as microorganisms per cubic meter.The
micrometer is used to report particle size.
• The advantage to the unit ppm that frequently makes it the unit of choice is that it is a volume to volume
ratio.(Note that the usage of ppm in air is different from that in water and wastewater.which is a mass to mass
ratio).Changes in temperature and pressure do not change the ratio of the volume of pollutant gas to the
volume of air that contains it.Thus,it is possible to compare parts per million readings rom Denver and
Washington,DC,as well as day and night readings in regions with large variations in temperature without
further conversion.
• Relativity
• Before we launch into the esoterics of air pollution.Lets take a moment to consider the application of the
unit ppm and micrometer in daily life.Four crystals of common table salt in one cup of granulated sugar is
approximately equal to 1 ppm on a volume to volume basis.Figure 12-1 should help you visualize the size of a
micrometer.Note that a hair has an average diameter of approximately 80 micrometer.
• Adiabatic Expansion and Compression
• Air pollution meteorology is, in part, a consequence of the thermodynamics processes of the atmosphere.On
such process is adiabatic expansion and contraction.An adiabatic process is one that takes place with no
addition or removal of heat and with sufficient slowness so the gas can be considered to be in equilibrium at
all times.

• As an example,let us consider the piston and sylinder in figure 12-2.The cylinder and piston face are assumed
to be perfectly insulated.The gas is at pressure,P,a force,F, equal to the product of the pressure and area of the
face of the piston,A, must be applied to the piston to maintain equilibrium.If the force is increased and the
volume is compressed,the pressure will increase,and work will be done on the gas by the piston.Because no
heat enters or leave the gas,the work will increase the thermal energy of the gas in accordance with the first
law thermodynamics(Equation 4-41),that is,
• (Heat added to gas) = (increase in thermal energy) + (external work done by or on the gas).
• Because the left side of the equation is zero(because it is an adiabatic process),the increase in thermal energy
is equal to the work done.The increase in thermal energy is reflected by an increase in the temperature of the
gas.If the gas is expanded adiabatically,its temperature will decrease.
 AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS
• The 1970 Clean Air Act (CAA) required the US EPA to investigate and describe the environmental effects of any
air pollutant emitted by stationery or mobile sources tha tmay adversely affect human health or the environment.The
EPA used these studies to establish the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).These standards are for
the ambient air,that is,the outdoor air that normally surrounds us. EPA calls the pollutans listed in Table 12-1 criteria
pollutans because they were developed on health based criteria.The primary standard was established to protect
human health with an adequate margin of safety.The secondary standards are intended to prevent environmental nd
property damage. In 1987,The EPA revised the NAAQS.The standard for hydrocarbons was dropped and the
standard for total suspended particulates(TSP)was replaced with a particulate standard based on the mass of
particulate matter with an aerodynamics diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometer.This standard is referre to as
the PM10 standard.In 1997 a new PM2.5 standard ws added.
• States are divided into air quality control regions (AQRs).An AQR that has air quality equal to or better than the
primary standard are called nonattainment areas. Under the 1970 CAA, the EPA was directed to establish regulations
for hazardous air pollutants(HAPs) using a risk-based approach.These were called NESHAPs-national emission
standards for hazardous air pollutants.Because EPA had difficulty defining an ample margin of safety as required by
the law, only seven HAPs were regulated between 1970 – 1990:asbestos,arsenic,benzene,beryllium,mercury,vinyl
chloride,and radionuclides.The clean air Act Amendments of 1990 directed EPA to establish a HAP emissions
control program based on technology for 189 chemicals(Table 12-2).EPA will establish emission allowances beased
on maximum achieveable control technology (MACT) for 174 categories of industrial sources that potentially emit
9.08 Mg per year of a single HAP or 22.7 Mg per year of a combination of HAPs.A MACT can include process
changes,material substitutions,or air pollution control equipment.
• Emission standards place a limit on the amount or concentration of one or more specified contaminants
that my be emitted from source. In 1971,the US Environmental Protection Agency published final standards
for the first of many stationery sources.The initial five industries that were regulated under the New Source
Performance Standards(NSPS)included electric steam generating units.Portland cement
plants,incinerators,nitric acid plants,and sulfuric acid plants.As an example of the NSPS,those for large
electric utility steam generating units are summarized in table 12-3.
• Federal motor vehicle standards are expressed in terms of grams of pollutant per mile of driving.Theses
standards were divided into two tiers.Tier I for 1994-1997 model years and Tier II for the 2004-2009 model
years. The emission standards are applicable to light duty vehicles (LDVs),light duty trucks (LDTs) and
medium duty passenger vehicles (MDPVs).Tier II is subdivided into bins to allow manufacturers to classify
their production called a fleet for the purposes of calculations to meet the standard.By 2008,the original 11
bins had been reduced to purpose of caculations to meet the standard.By 2008,the original 11 bins had been
reduced to the 8 shown in Table 12-4.Tier II,Bin 5 roughly defines what the fleet average should be.Because
emissions vary as driving conditions change,a standard driving cycle is defined for testing vehicles for
compliance.The original driving cycle called the federal test procedure(FTP) was modified in 1996 by the
supplemental federal test procedure (SFTP) to account for more aggressive driving behavior,the impact of air
conditioning,and emissions after the engine is turned off.
• Greenhouse gas air pollutant emission standards for passenger automobiles are defined as follows(40 CFR
86.18.18-12):
• Nitrous Oxide =< 0.010 g/mile
• Methane =< 0.030 g/mile
For carbon dioxide there are target values based on the footprint of the vehicle and the model yer.For example,a
passenger car with a footprint less than or equal to 41 square feet has the following target values by model year :
2012- 244.0 g/mile
2013-237.0 g/mile
2014-228.0 g/mile
2014-217.0 g/mile
2016 and later -> 2016.0 g/mile
Where footprint = wheel base x track width
• In addition to emission standards,Congress enacted the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ)
standard to improve motor vehicle fuel efficiency.These standards were enacted as a national security measure
to reduce the United States dependence on imported oil.While emissions of CO,NMOG,and Nox are not
directly related to fuel efficiency,the emission of carbondioxide is As discussed later in this chapter,carbon
dioxide contributes siginificantly to the radiation balance that effects the atmospheric temperature of earth.
 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS

• Effects on Materials
• Mechanisms of Deterioration.
• Five mechanisms of deterioration have been attributed to air pollution:abrasion,deposition and
removal,direct chemical attack,indirect chemical attack,and electrochemical corrosion (Yocom and
McCaldin,1968). Solid particles of large enough size and travelling at high enough speed can cause
deterioration by abrasion.With the exception of soil particles in dust storms,most air pollutant particles either
are too small or travel at too slow a peed to be abrasive.
• Small liquid and solid particles that settle on exposed surfaces do not cause more than aesthetic
deterioration.For certain monuments and buildings,such as the White House,this form of deterioration is in
itself quite unacceptable.For most surfaces,the cleaning process itself causes the damage.
 SUMBER POLUSI UDARA

• Semua makhluk hidup memproduksi bahan sisa yang dihasilkan dari proses metabolism.Pada hewan dan
manusia bahan sisa itu berbentuk gas,tinja, dan air seni.Gas yang umum terbentuk ialah karbondioksida dan
tidak menyebabkan masalah karena kadarnya rendah.Gas lain yang sering terbentuk adalah hidrogen sulfide
yang berbau busuk,yang terbentuk pada proses penguraian bahan organik,misalnya proses pembusukan
sampah.Gas ini merupakan zat pencemar yang terdapat di banyak tempat.
• Pertumbuhan penduduk yang cukup pesat serta kemajuan di bidang teknologi dan ekonomi,sekaligus juga
melahirkan industri dan sistem transportasi modern.Di daerah industri biasanya terdapat permukiman
penduduk yang padat dan kesibukan berbagai transportasi,semuanya berpotensi mengakibatkan pencemaran
udara.
• Zat zat atau bahan pencemar (polutan) udara dibagi ke dalam dua golongan,yaitu :
• 1. Gas C0,CO2,SO2,N2O,Nox,HC,dan lain lain.
• 2. Partikel seperti aerosol(asap,kabut),debu,fume(misalnya timah hitam/Pb dan Cadmium/Cd),
• garam-garam dan minyak.
• Partikel adalah benda benda padat atau cair yang ukurannya sangat kecil sehingga dapat melayang di udara.
• Asap adalah partikel karbon padat yan gdihasilkan dari sistem pembakaran yang tidak sempurna pada
sistem pembakaran,yang menggunakan bahan bakar hidrokarbon (bahan bakar minyak). Kabut (mist)
merupakan partikel cair yang terdapat dalam suspense udara,yang terjadi karena terjadinya kondensasi uap
atau merupakan hasil tindakan manusia seperti penyemprotan,pembuihan. Debu(dust) adalah partikel benda
padat yang terjadi karena proses mekanis(pemecahan atau reduksi) terhadap massa padat dan dipengaruhi
oleh gravitasi. Fume merupakan partikel padat yang terbentuk akibat kondensasi dan penguapan logam logam
cair atau garam-garam yang langsung diikuti oleh proses oksidasi di udara.Umumnya terjadi di pabrik
besi,baja serta peleburan dan pengecoran logam.