Introduction to RF planning
Contents
• RF units
• Propagation Mechanism
• Propagation Models
• Antenna types
• Installation Guidelines
• Feeder Loss
• Diversity Techniques
• Link Budget
• Cell range
• Network Capacity
• Interference
• Interference Control
• Frequency Hopping
dB
 dB

• Ca lcula tions in dB (de ci-Be l) -30 dBm = 1 W

-20 dBm = 10 W
• loga rithmic, re la tive s ca le
-10 dBm = 100 W
• Alwa ys with re s pe ct to a re fe re nce -7 dBm = 200 W
• dBW : dB a bove -3 dBm = 500 W
Wa tt 0 dBm = 1 mW
+3 dBm = 2 mW
• dBm : dB a bove mWa tt
+7 dBm = 5 mW
• dBi : dB a bove is otropic +10 dBm = 10 mW
• dBd : dB a bove dipole +13 dBm = 20 mW
• dBV/m: dB a bove V/m +20 dBm = 100mW
+30 dBm = 1 W
+40 dBm = 10W
• rule -of-thumb: +3dB = fa ctor 2 +50 dBm = 100W
• +7 dB = fa ctor 5
• +10 dB = fa ctor
10
 C o n v e r s io n fr o m d B
• P o w e r
 P  P (dB )
d B  1 0 lo g   [ P lin . ]  1 0 10
 P0 
• V o lt a g e s
 E  E (dB )
d B  2 0 lo g   [E lin . ]  1 0
20
 E0
• C o n v e r s io n fa c t o r :
E ( d B  V /m ) = P ( d B m ) + 1 0 6 ,4 + a n te n n a fa c to r
•
a n t e n n a fa c t o r = 2 0 lo g ( f [M H z ]) - 2 9 , 8 - a n t _ g a in +
c a b le _ lo s s
a n te n n a fa c to r fo r 9 0 0 M H z : ~ 2 9 d B
1 8 0 0 M H z : ~ 3 5 d B
Theory of Wave Propagation

Theoryof wave propagation is an exact science

 R a d io C h a n n e l

• M u lt ip a t h
p r o p a g a t io n

• S h a d o w in g

• T e r r a in s t r u c t u r e s

• R e fle c t io n s

• In t e r fe r e n c e s
 R e fle c tio n s
• S t r o n g e c h o s c a n c a u s e e x c e s s iv e p r o p a g a t io n
d e la y
• U n c r it ic a l, if w it h in e q u a lis e r w in d o w
• C a n c a u s e s e v e r e ( s e lf - ) in t e r fe r e n c e if o u t o f
e q u a lis e r w in d o w
w e a k d ir e c t s ig n a l
s t r o n g r e fle c t e d s ig n a l

a m p lit u d e lo n g e c h o s , o u t o f e q u a lis e r w in d o w :
= = > in t e r fe r e n c e c o n t r ib u t io n s

d e la y t im e
e q u a lis e r w in d o w 1 6
s
 Time Dis pe rs io n
• “Echos ” due to multipa th propa ga tion
• 1 s = ca . 300 m pa th diffe re nce
• GS M : Equa lis e r up to 16 s (~ 5km pa th
diffe re nce )
• 2-pa th-mode l a s “wors t ca s e ” s itua tion
• S ta nda rdis e d “de la y profile s ” in GS M
s pe cifica tions :
• TU3 : typica l urba n a t 3 km/h (pe de s tria ns )
• TU50 : typica l urba n a t 50 km/h
• HT100 : hilly te rra in (roa d ve hicle s )
• RA250 : rura l a re a (highwa ys )

• No ha rd limita tion a t 250 km/h

 Fading (1)

• S low fa ding
• S ha dowing due to
la rge obs ta cle s on the level (dB)
wa y +10

0
• Fa s t fa ding (Ra yle igh
fa ding) -10

• De s tructive -20
inte rfe re nce of s e ve ra l 920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
s igna ls -30
0 1 2 3 4 5m
• “Fa ding dips ”, “ra dio
hole s ”
 K=0
(Rayleigh)

Fading (2) K=1

K=5

power
Ra yle igh
fa ding
+20 dB
lognorma l
fa ding

mean
value

- 20 dB

2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

 Pro pag atio n Me c hanis ms

• Abs orption
he a vy a mplitude
a tte nua tion ma te ria l A A - 5..30 dB
de pe nda nt pha s e s hifts
de pola ris a tion

• Diffra ction
we dge - mode l
knife e dge
multiple knife e dge s
 Distance Dependency
• Radar : Pr ~ 1/ d4

Pr ~ 1/ d^4 P ´´ =  * P´
free space scattering on object:
A -->  * A
P´ = Ps / d^2
Ps

• Mobile communications: Pr ~ 1/ d3 ... 1/ d5

scattering/
reflections
scattering on objects
Ps

multipath
propagation
Pr ~ 1/ d^3
 Distance Dependency
• Radar : Pr ~ 1/ d4

Pr ~ 1/ d^4 P ´´ =  * P´
free space scattering on object:
A -->  * A
P´ = Ps / d^2
Ps

• Mobile communications: Pr ~ 1/ d3 ... 1/ d5

scattering/
reflections
scattering on objects
Ps

multipath
propagation
Pr ~ 1/ d^3
 P r o p a g a tio n L o s s
• B a s ic lo s s fo r m u la
L  L 0   lo g ( d ) lo s s e s a r e e x p o n e n tia l w it h d is ta n c e

lo s s a t r e fe r e n c e p o in t ( e . g . 1 k m ) E I R P le v e l

• C lu tte r lo s s fa c to r s c o u p lin g lo s s

• la n d - u s a g e c la s s e s
= L 0

• u s u a lly s ta te d in d B /d e c a d e re fe re n c e
d is ta n c e
• e .g . : 2 0 d B /d e c
fre e s p a c e 2 0 d B /d e c
4 0 d B /d e c 3 0 d B /d e c
o p e n c o u n tr y s id e 2 5 d B /d e c
s u b u rb a n a re a s 3 0 0 ,1 k m 1 k m 1 0 k m
d B /d e c
u rb a n a re a 4 0 d B /d e c
h is to r ic c ity c e n tr e > 4 5 d B /d e c
 S ig n a l A tte n u a tio n
• Mixe d la n d u s a g e typ e s o n p ro p a g a tio n
p a th

2 5 d B/d e c
2 0 d B/d e c
3 0 d B/d e c p a th lo s s
4 0 ..5 0 d B/d e c
 M ix e d P a th Lo s s

• P a th lo s s

o p e n : 2 5 d B /d e c u rb a n : 4 0 ..5 0 d B /d e c o p e n : 2 5 d B /d e c
s ig n a l
le v e l

a c tu a l
s ig n a l le v e l o p e n a re a c u rv e
u rb a n c u rv e

d is ta n c e
 “Ne ws pape r Princ iple ”

• The “ne ws pa pe r-principle ”:

Indo o r c o ve rag e may be

e xpe c te d in lo c atio ns whe re
the re is e no ug h daylig ht to
c o mfo rtably re ad a ne ws pape r
witho ut artific ial illuminatio n

• Whe re ? e .g. • Whe re NOT? e .g.

rooms with window e le va tor
ne a r a window ha llwa ys
a trium-s tyle pla ce s
Pro pag atio n Mo de ls
 Pro pag atio n Mo de ls
P ropa ga tion mode ls tha t a re be ing us e d ge ne ra lly:

• Okumura -Ha ta
The mos t commonly us e d s ta tis tica l mode l
• Wa lfis h-Ike ga mi
S ta tis tica l mode l e s pe cia lly for urba n e nvironme nts
• J uul-Nyholm
S a me kind of a pre diction tool a s Ha ta , this mode l ha s
diffe re nt e qua tion for pre dictions be yond ra dio horizon
(~20km)
• Ra y-tra cing
De te rminis tic pre diction tool for microce llula r
e nvironme nts
 O k u m u ra -H a ta M o d e l
• A d a p te d fo r 9 0 0 /1 8 0 0 M H z , E u ro p e
• D iffe r e n t la n d u s a g e c la s s e s

L  A  B l o g f  1 3 .8 2 l o g h b  a ( h m )
 ( 4 4 .9  6 .5 5 l o g h b ) l o g d  L m o r p h o
w ith
f fr e q u e n c y in M H z a d d it io n a l a t t e n u a t io n d u e
h B S a n te n n a h e ig h t [m ] t o la n d u s a g e c la s s e s
a (h ) fu n c t io n o f M S a n te n n a h e ig h t
d d is t a n c e b e t w e e n B S a n d M S [k m ]

A = 6 9 .5 5 , B = 2 6 .1 6 ( fo r 1 5 0 .. 1 0 0 0 M H z )
A = 4 6 .3 , B = 3 3 .9 (fo r 1 5 0 0 ..2 0 0 0 M H z )
 Okumura-Hata Model Tuning
• Import measurement results to a planning tool
– min. distance > 500 m to filter out too close samples.
• Tune morpho corrections to best fit
• Tune only factors, which have more than 3%

• mean value
+/- 1 dB
• If a lot of LOS
 negative mean
• standard deviation
+/- 8 dB
• correction factor for
urban ~ 0 dB
 Mo rpho Type s

• Urba n s ma ll ce lls , 40..50 dB/de c a tte nua tion

• Fore s t he a vy a bs orption; 30..40 dB/de c;

diffe rs with s e a s on (folia ge los s e s )

• Ope n, fa rmla nds e a s y, s mooth propa ga tion

conditions

• Wa te r s igna l propa ga te s ve ry e a s ily

 da nge rous !

• Mounta in fa ce s s trong re fle ctions , long e chos

• Etc… ma ny morpho type s ha ve be e n de fine d

 W a l f i s h - Ik e g a m i M o d e l
• M o d e l fo r u r b a n m ic r o c e llu la r p r o p a g a t io n
• A s s u m e s r e g u la r c it y la y o u t ( “M a n h a t t a n g r id ”)
• T o t a l p a t h lo s s c o n s is t s o f t w o p a r t s :
LO S N LO S
• lin e - o f- s ig h t lo s s • r o o f- t o - s t r e e t d iffr a c t io n a n d s c a t t e r
lo s s
d • m o b ile e n v ir o n m e n t lo s s e s

h
w
b
Antenna Systems
 Antenna Types
• Dipoles
• most general type: omnidirectional
• Arrays
• combinations of many smaller elements
• high gains, special radiation patterns,
• “phased array”antennas ( ---> smart antennas )
• Yagi
• very common, high gain, directional antennas
• often used as TV- antennas
• Paraboles
• very high gain, extremely narrow beam-widths
• commonly used for line-of-sight paths (satellites...)
 A
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Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
• Indoor antennas are connected
to base station via coaxial
feeder cable.
• Choose antennas that match to
the environment - i.e. hard to
spot!
• Install high enough - prevent
desensitization
 Ante nna Charac te ris tic s
• Lobe s H- pla ne E- pla ne
• ma in lobe s
• s ide / ba ck lobe s
• front-to-ba ck ra tio Input 7 /16” fe ma le
Conne ctor pos ition bottom
• Ha lfpowe r be a m-width Fre que ncy ra nge 870 - 960 MHz
(3 dB- be a m width) VSWR < 1,3
Ga in 15,5 dBi
Impe da nce 50 Ohm
• Ante nna downtilting P ola ris a tion ve rtica l
Front-to-ba ck-ra tio > 25 dB
• P ola ris a tion Ha lf-powe r be a m width
H-pla ne : 65° / E-pla ne : 13°

• Ante nna ba ndwidth Ma x. powe r 500 Wa tt (50 °C a mbie nt te mp.)

• Ante nna impe da nce
• Me cha nica l s ize
• windloa d
We ight 6 kg
Wind loa d fronta l : 220 N (a t 150 km/h)
la te ra l: 140 N (a t 150 km/h)
Ma x. wind ve locity re a r : 490 N (a t 150 km/h)
P a cking s ize 1410 x 270 x 140 mm
He ight / width / de pth 1290 / 255 / 105 mm
 R a d ia tio n P a tte rn s
• E x a m p le : p a tte rn s fo r h ig h -g a in d ire c tio n a l
a n te n n a

H o riz o n ta l p a tte rn V e rtic a l p a tte rn

 Ante nna Do wn Tilting
5..8 deg

• Ante nna (down-) tilting

• improve s pot cove ra ge
• s igna l a tte nua tion
• 30 .. 40dB/de ca de

• re duce inte rfe re nce

• s igna l a tte nua tion
• ~20dB/de ca de

• Wha t is the diffe re nce be twe e n e le ctrica l a nd

me cha nica l down tilt?
 Co upling be twe e n Ante nnas
• Re comme nde d de coupling
• TX - TX: ~20dB
• TX - RX: ~40dB

• Horizonta l de coupling dis ta nce de pe nds on 5 .. 10 

a nte nna ga in
horizonta l ra d. pa tte rn 1
• Omnidire ctiona l a nte nna s
• RX + TX with ve rtica l s e pa ra tion
• RX, RX div. , TX with ve rtica l s e pa ra tion
omnidire ctiona l.: 5 .. 20m
dire ctiona l : 1 ... 3m

Ve rtica l de coupling is much more e ffe ctive

 SEPARATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ISOLATION

SOME HORIZONTAL DISTANCES WITH

DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS WITHIN GSM -BAND (1800 MHz):

BEAM- GAIN/dBi ISOLATION/m ISOLATION/m

WIDTH/ O TX/TX 20 dB TX/RX 40 dB

65 18.5 0.1 0.8

90 15.5 0.1 1.6
 SEPARATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ISOLATION

SOME CALCULATED HORIZONTAL DISTANCES WITH

OMNI-DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS WITHIN GSM -BAND (1800 MHz):

GAIN/dBi ISOLATION/m ISOLATION/m

TX/TX 20 dB TX/RX 40 dB

2 0.2 1.3
5 0.3 2.6
8 0.5 5.3
11 1 10.5
 Ante nna Cable s
• Ca ble type s
• coa xia l ca ble s : 1/2”, 7/8”, 1 5/8” jumpe r
(2 m)
• los s e s a pprox. 10 .. 4 dB/ 100m
==> powe r dis s ipa tion is e xpone ntia l with
ca ble le ngth ! !
• Conne ctor los s e s a pprox. 1 dB pe r

40 .. 70m
conne ction (jumpe r ca ble s e tc..)
• Thick a nte nna ca ble s
lowe r los s e s pe r le ngth
la rge be nding ra dii
jumpe r
much more e xpe ns ive (2 m)

Ke e p a nte nna ca ble s s hort

 INSTALLATION OF ANTENNAS

IN INST ALLATION PHASE FOLLOWING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

HAVE TO
BE T AKEN INTO ACCOUNT:

* ISOLATION BETW EEN ANTENNAS

* USE OF DIVERSITY
* REFLECTING SURFACES M AY DISTOR T RADIATION
PATTERN
* DOW NTILTING OF D IREC TIONAL ANTENNAS
INSTALLATION OF ANTENNAS

TX/RX RXd
d = 0.1 x effective antenna height,
recommended distance is between
d 4 and 6 meters for practical reasons

EFFECTIVE
BUILDING ANTENNA
OR HEIGHT
MAST

GROUND LEVEL
 INSTALLATION OF ANTENNAS

==> THE INSTALLATION HEIGHT

AND DISTANCE FROM ROOF EDGE
SHALL BE APPROPRIATE

h d
 INSTALLATIONOFANTENNAS

• FRESNELREGION

• THEREGIONBETWEENTHENEARFIELDOFANANTENNA
ANDAFARFIELDORFRAUENHOFERREGION

• NEARFIELDDISTANCE:
R=(2L2) /  ~25mMtrs

maximumdimensionof theantenna[m]

wavelength[m]
Ne arby Obs tac le s Re quire me nt (1/3)
 INSTALLATION OF ANTENNAS

• DOWNTILTING OF ANTENNAS
TILTED 1ST FRESNEL ZONE
ANTENNA HAS TO BE KEPT
FREE WHEN TILTING
ANTENNAS

NEON
SIGN

d
 V Bwidth 7 deg

Tilt Angle 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3dB Clearance Height req. for GSM antenna(mtrs.)

Distance from Rooftop Edge/Obstruction (mtrs.)

5 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
10 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0
12 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
15 0.9 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1
17 1.0 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5
20 1.2 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1
23 1.4 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.3 4.7
25 1.5 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.1
27 1.7 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
30 1.8 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.5 5.0 5.6 6.1
33 2.0 3.2 3.8 4.3 4.9 5.5 6.1 6.7
35 2.1 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.9 6.5 7.1
37 2.3 3.6 4.2 4.9 5.5 6.2 6.9 7.5
40 2.4 3.8 4.6 5.3 6.0 6.7 7.4 8.1
43 2.6 4.1 4.9 5.7 6.4 7.2 8.0 8.7
45 2.8 4.3 5.1 5.9 6.7 7.5 8.3 9.2
47 2.9 4.5 5.4 6.2 7.0 7.9 8.7 9.6
50 3.1 4.8 5.7 6.6 7.5 8.4 9.3 10.2

V Bwidth 14 deg

Tilt Angle 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3dB Clearance Height req. for GSM antenna (mtrs.)

5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3

Distance from Rooftop Edge/Obstruction (mtrs.)

10 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7

12 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.2
15 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.0
17 2.1 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.6
20 2.5 3.2 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.4
23 2.8 3.6 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.2
25 3.1 4.0 4.4 4.9 5.3 5.8 6.2 6.7
27 3.3 4.3 4.8 5.2 5.7 6.2 6.7 7.2
30 3.7 4.7 5.3 5.8 6.4 6.9 7.5 8.0
33 4.0 5.2 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.6 8.2 8.8
35 4.3 5.5 6.2 6.8 7.4 8.1 8.7 9.4
37 4.5 5.9 6.5 7.2 7.9 8.5 9.2 9.9
40 4.9 6.3 7.0 7.8 8.5 9.2 10.0 10.7
43 5.3 6.8 7.6 8.4 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.5
45 5.5 7.1 7.9 8.7 9.6 10.4 11.2 12.1
47 5.8 7.4 8.3 9.1 10.0 10.8 11.7 12.6
50 6.1 7.9 8.8 9.7 10.6 11.5 12.5 13.4
 INSTALLATION OF ANTENNAS

FREE SPACE FOR ANTENNA IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE

o
SAFETY MARGIN = 15
ANTENNA MAIN LOBE

BUILDING
EDGE

SAFETY MARGIN HAS TO BE LEFT

BETW EEN HALF POW ER BEAM W IDTH
AND REFLECTING SURFACES
 Diversity Techniques
• Time diversity t interleaving

• Frequency diversity f frequency hopping

• Space diversity multiple antennas

• Polarisation diversity crosspolar antennas

• Multipath diversity equaliser,

rake receiver
 Dis tribute d Ante nnas
• Le a ky fe e de rs
• ca ble s with ve ry high los s pe r le ngth unit
• => “dis tribute d a nte nna ”
• forme rly ofte n us e d for tunne l cove ra ge
• ve ry e xpe ns ive

typ. losses: 4 ... 40 dB/100m

50 Ohm
coupling loss: ~ 60 dB (at 1m dist.)

• Fibe r-optic dis tribution

• dis tribute RF s igna l via (ve ry thin) fibe r-optic
ca ble s
• ra dia te from dis cre te a nte nna points a t re mote
loca tions
 Leaky Feeders
RFX 1/2"-50 RF 7/8"-50
Cable Feeder
Antenna Cable
RFF 1/2"-50
SuperFlexible RFX 7/8"-50
Cable Antenna

1/2"
7/8"
1-1/4"
Symbol
in system
diagram

Leaky feeders
 Repeater Overview

Donor Site Repeater Antenna

Donor Antenna

Location Site of a CR
Donor Cell

MS Cell Repeater

MS
Combined Coverage
 Repeater Installation
• Gains (Channel selective) – 90dB
• Gains (Band selective) - 50-60dB
• O/p power 2 to 8Watts(freq. Shift repeater)
• Problems encountered: Oscillations due to
improper isolation.
Link Budget
 L in k B u d g e t
• L in k b u d g e t c a lc u la t io n s c o n s is t o f t w o
p a rts :
• 1 ) P o w e r b u d g e t c a lc u la t io n s
• 2 ) C e ll s iz e e v a lu a t io n s

• C o m m u n ic a t io n m u s t b e t w o - w a y

P ower budget m ust

b e b a la n c e d
 Link Budg e t Fac to rs
• In a ddition to BTS a nd MS powe rs a nd
s e ns itivitie s , s e ve ra l othe r fa ctors ne e d
to be ta ke n into a ccount whe n doing
Link Budge t ca lcula tions
• The s e fa ctors ca n be cla s s ifie d into
thre e ca te gorie s :

• 1) Link Budge t los s fa ctors

• 2) Link Budge t ga in fa ctors

• 3) Link Budge t ma rgins

Link Budg e t Lo s s Fac to rs
• At ba s e s ta tion
• conne ctors cables &
connectors
• ca ble s
• is ola tor ~3..5 dB losses
==> 50 ..70% of

many meters
• combine r signal energy is lost
• filte r before even reaching
the transmit antenna

• At mobile s ta tion
filter
• body los s
• pola ris a tion of a nte nna
combiner

BS output
 Link Budg e t Gain Fac to rs
• Ante nna ga in
• ha lf-powe r be a mwidth
• me cha nica l s ize
• a nte nna type s

• Dive rs ity ga in
• Dive rs ity ca n be imple me nte d in ma ny wa ys

• Fre que ncy hopping

• Improve s a ve ra ge link qua lity, but is not
typica lly ta ke n into a ccount in link budge t
ca lcula tions
 Link Budg e t Marg ins

• Fas t fading marg in

• Fa s t va ria tions in fie ld s tre ngth le ve ls tha t
a re ca us e d by multipa th re ce ption ha s to be
ta ke n into a ccount in ca lcula ting the
ma ximum a llowa ble pa th los s

• S low fading marg in

• S low fa ding tha t is ca us e d by s ha dowing ha s
a dire ct e ffe ct on the loca tion proba bility; this
ha s to be ta ke n into a ccount in e va lua ting
ce ll s ize s
• Pe ne tratio n los s e s
 P
owe
rBu
dge
t:D
ow
nl
ink
Ant
enn
a
G
ai
n =1
6d
Bi
3
6dB
m

5
2dB
m
p
at
h l
oss=1
54d
B
F
ee
der
L
os
s= 4d
B
-1
02d
Bm
4
0dB
m
RxS
en
si
ti
vit
y
-1
02d
Bm
com
bin
er
lo
ss=5
dB W
LL
sub
sc
rib
er
s
TxP
ower
4
5dBm(
20W )
 P
owe
rBu
dge
t:U
pl
ink
Ant
enn
a
G
ai
n =1
6dB
i
D
i
vers
it
y
-1
01d
Bm G
ai
n =4dB

-1
21d
Bm

F
ee
der p
at
h l
oss=1
54d
B
L
os
s= 4d
B

3
3dB
m
-1
05d
Bm
T
xPo
wer
3
3dB
m(2W)
R
x S
en
si
ti
vit
y
-
105d
B

W
LL
sub
sc
rib
er
s
RADIO LINK POWER BUDGET MS CLASS: 1

GENERAL INFO
Frequency (MHz): 1800 System: GSM

RECEIVING END: BS MS
RX RF-input sensitivity dBm -109.00 -100.00 A
Interference degrad. margin dB 3.00 3.00 B
Body Loss dB 3.00 3.00
Cable loss + connector dB 0.00 0.00 C
Rx antenna gain dBi 15.50 0.00 D
Diversity gain dB 3.00 0.00 E
Isotropic power dBm -121.50 -94.00 F=A+B+C-D-E
Field strength dBµV/m 20.81 48.31 G=F+Z*
* Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz])
TRANSMITTING END: MS BS
TX RF output peak power W 1.00 44.67
(mean power over RF cycle) dBm 30.00 46.50 K
Isolator + combiner + filter dB 0.00 3.70 L
Duplexer Loss dB 0.00 0.80
RF-peak power, combiner output dBm 30.00 42.00 M=K-L
Cable loss + connector dB 0.00 0.00 N
TX-antenna gain dBi 0.00 15.50 O
Peak EIRP W 1.00 562.34
(EIRP = ERP + 2dB) dBm 30.00 57.50 P=M-N+O
Isotropic path loss dB 151.50 151.50 Q=P-F
Ce ll S ize s
Ce ll S ize Evaluatio ns (1/4)
After the maximum allowable path loss has
been determined, the cell size can be
evaluated
Determination is done by using basic
propagation prediction formulas:
Okumura-Hata
Walfish-Ikegami
Ce ll S ize Evaluatio ns (2/4)
When calculating cell range for medium
value of log-normally distributed signal, the
result is 50% location probability by the cell
edge and ~75% location probability over the
cell area
We typically want to have 90% location
probability over the cell area

S low fa ding ma rgin ne e d to be

de ducte d
 C e ll S iz e E v a lu a tio n s (3 /4 )
• P e n e t r a t io n lo s s e s h a v e t o b e a d d e d a s
m e a n v a lu e , a n d in c r e a s e d s t a n d a r d
d e v ia t io n n e e d t o b e t a k e n in t o a c c o u n t
a s w e ll
1

ty p e m ean s ig m a 0 ,9

0 ,8
u r b a n b u ild in g 15 dB 7 dB 0 ,7
 
s u b u rb a n 10 dB 7 dB 0 ,6

pass. car 8 dB 5 dB 0 ,5

0 ,4

T o ta l m e a n  m 1  m 2  ...  m N
0 ,3

0 ,2

T o ta l d e v ia tio n   2
1   2
2  ...  2
N
0 ,1

0
-3

-2

-1

3
A d d m e a n v a lu e s ,
s u p e r im p o s e s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n s
CELL SIZES Cell Size Evaluations (4/4)
COMMON INFO DU U SU F O
MS antenna height (m): 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
BS antenna height (m): 30.0 30.0 30.0 45.0 45.0
Standard Deviation (dB): 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
BPL Average (dB): 15.0 12.0 10.0 6.0 6.0
BPL Deviation (dB): 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Incar Loss(dB) 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
Incar Deviation(dB) 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
OKUMURA-HATA (OH) DU U SU F O
Area Type Correction (dB) 1.0 -2.0 -6.0 -10.0 -15.0
WALFISH-IKEGAMI (WI) DU U SU F O
Roads width (m): 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
Road orientation angle (degrees): 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
Building separation (m): 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
Buildings average height (m): 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
INDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O
Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH
Slow Fading Margin + BPL (dB): 22.8 19.8 17.8 13.8 13.8
Coverage Threshold (dBµV/m): 71.1 68.1 66.1 62.1 62.1
Coverage Threshold (dBm): -71.2 -74.2 -76.2 -80.2 -80.2
Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%
Cell Range (km): 0.57 0.85 1.26 2.57 3.60
OUTDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O
Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH
Slow Fading Margin (dB): 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
Coverage Threshold (dBµV/m): 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8
Coverage Threshold (dBm): -89.5 -89.5 -89.5 -89.5 -89.5
Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%
Cell Range (km): 1.90 2.31 3.00 4.82 6.75
INCAR COVERAGE OH OH OH OH OH
Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH
Slow Fading Margin + BPL (dB): 11.5 11.5 11.5 9.5 9.5
Coverage Threshold (dBµV/m): 59.8 59.8 59.8 57.8 57.8
Coverage Threshold (dBm): -82.5 -82.5 -82.5 -84.5 -84.5
Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 85.0% 85.0%
Cell Range (km): 1.20 1.46 1.90 3.43 4.81
 Ce ll S ize Calc ulatio n
• Afte r ce ll ra nge ha s be e n de te rmine d,
ce ll s ize s ca n be ca lcula te d
• Whe n ca lcula ting ce ll s ize s for
dime ns iona l purpos e s , tra ditiona l
he xa gona l mode l is us e d

R
R

Omni Bi-sector Tri-sector

A = 2,6 R21 A= 1,73 R22 A = 1,95 R23
 Hexagons vs. Cells

Three hexagons Three cells

 Ce ll S ize s

• Achie va ble ce ll s ize s de pe nd on

Fre que ncy ba nd us e d (450, 900, 1800 MHz)

S urroundings , e nvironme nt

Link budge t figure s

Ante nna type s

Ante nna pos itioning

Minimum re quire d s igna l le ve ls

 Ce ll Are a Te rms
• Domina nce a re a
• S e rvice a re a
• Cove ra ge a re a

ce ll cove ra ge ra nge

ce ll s e rvice ra nge
domina nce ra nge

6dB hys te re s is
ma rgin
cove ra ge limit
 W
hyIn
doo
rs?

•Subscribersexpectcontinuouscoverageandquality.
•Outdoo rc ellsd
on o
tprovidegoodc overa
gein
doo rs .
•Dedicate din do
orcapac
ityisneeded.
•Com petitio
nm ove
sindoo rs
.
 Building Penetration Loss

• Signal losses for building penetration

vary greatly with building materials
used, e.g.: mean value sigma
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB 9
concrete wall, no windows 30 dB 9
concrete wall within building 10 dB 7
brick wall 9 dB 6
armed glass 8 dB 6
wood or plaster wall 6 dB 6
window glass 2 dB 6
 The Economy

• Dedicated solution for over 90 % indoor coverage.

100 %

Cost of indoor
coverage from outdoors

75 %
Relative cost

50 % Cost of dedicated
indoor solutions

25 %

0%
60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 %

Indoor coverage %probability

 Indoor Coverage Solutions
BASE STATIONS SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION ANTENNAS
Direct connection
Passive
repeater
RF
repeater
Indoor BTS for Coaxial
indoors antenna
RF repeater with optical
interface
O p t Tx

Directional
A-bis / BSC
R F in R F o u t
O p t Rx
R F o u t

R F o u t

antenna (wall-
Optical RF mounted)
Distribution Bi-directional
antenna
Outdoor BTS (wall-mounted)
Distributed antenna system (RF
signal splitters) Omni-directional
Outdoor cell
antenna
(ceiling-
Distributed antenna system mounted)
with amplifier (in line RF
amplifiers)
The “Lightbulb Principle”

... is better than ...

several smaller sites provide

more indoor coverage area
than a single large site
 Ex1: Indoor distribution network
Distributed antennas(GSM)

+ 0,5 dBm - 6,5dBm -10 dBm

Feeder loss
7 dB/100 m
(RF1/2”)
+ 4 dBm 16m
+ 4 dBm - 3 dBm -6.5 dBm

Power Splitter
loss
+ 9 dBm
+ 9 dBm + 2 dBm -1.5 dBm 2-way -> -3,5 dB

+ 14 dBm
3-way -> -5 dB
+ 10.25 dBm
+ 14 dBm
Connection
to the BSC 4-way -> -6 dB

100 m
 D O C U M E N T T Y P E 1 (1 )

T y p e U n itO r D e p a r tm e n tH e r e
T y p e Y o u rN a m e H e re BTS vs. Repeater T y p e D a te H e re

B T S R e p e a te r

C o st  E x p e n s iv e  C heap

C o v e ra g e  N e w F re q u e n c y  E a s y W a y to E x p a n d
E x p a n s io n A llo c a tio n n e e d e d C o v e ra g e

C a p a c ity  H ig h e r F r e q u e n c y R e -  U s e s R a d io R e s o u r c e s
E x p a n s io n use fr o m R e g u la r B T S

R F  H ig h C /I  D e c o u p lin g
C h a r a c te r is tic s  H ig h e r O / P P o w e r  D o n o r A n te n n a R e q u ir e d

L im ita tio n  E 1 /T 1 R e q u ir e d  N o u s e in H ig h D e n s ity

T r a ff ic A r e a s
 B S C F e a tu re s N o t
A v a ila b le
Network Capacity
 Trunking

• Problem: many customers, limited

number of resources

m available resources
M >> m
M potential customers

• How many resources do we need to satisfy the demand?

 Trunking Effect
• Trunking increases effective usage of
limited resources:
– when we increase the traffic, we may
not need that many new lines.
• Design criterion: blocking probability
• Blocking depends on
• number of available resources
• usage statistics
 W h a t is E r la n g ?

• E r la n g is t h e n a m e o f a D a n is h r e s e a r c h e r .
• E r la n g is t h e u n it o f t r a ffic .
• 1 E r la n g is th e m a x . tr a ffic o n o n e lin e
• T h e t r a ffic is c a lc u la t e d u s in g a s im p le
fo r m u la :
( cal s per hour )  ( average conversati on time )
x Erlangs 
36 0 Seconds

• T h e re a re tw o t a b le s
• E r la n g B -fo r s y s te m th a t s u p p o rt n o
q u e u in g
• E r la n g C - fo r s y s te m th a t s u p p o r t q u e u in g
 Erlang B Table
Blocking Probability Blocking Probability
Channels 1% 2% 3% 5% Channels 1% 2% 3% 5%
1 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,05 21 12,80 14,00 14,90 16,20
2 0,15 0,22 0,28 0,38 22 13,70 14,90 15,80 17,10
3 0,46 0,60 0,72 0,90 23 14,50 15,80 16,70 18,10
4 0,87 1,09 1,26 1,52 24 15,30 16,60 17,60 19,00
5 1,36 1,66 1,88 2,22 25 16,10 17,50 18,50 20,00
6 1,91 2,28 2,54 2,96 26 17,00 18,40 19,40 20,90
7 2,50 2,95 3,25 3,75 27 17,80 19,30 20,30 21,90
8 3,13 3,63 3,99 4,54 28 18,60 20,20 21,20 22,90
9 3,78 4,34 4,75 5,37 29 19,50 21,00 22,10 23,80
10 4,46 5,08 5,53 6,22 30 20,30 21,90 23,10 24,80
11 5,16 5,84 6,33 7,08 31 21,20 22,80 24,00 25,80
12 5,88 6,61 7,14 7,95 32 22,00 23,70 24,90 26,70
13 6,61 7,40 7,97 8,83 33 22,90 24,60 25,80 27,70
14 7,35 8,20 8,80 9,73 34 23,80 25,50 26,80 28,70
15 8,11 9,01 9,65 10,60 35 24,60 26,40 27,70 29,70
16 8,88 9,83 10,50 11,50 36 25,50 27,30 28,60 30,70
17 9,65 10,70 11,40 12,50 37 26,40 28,30 29,60 31,60
18 10,40 11,50 12,20 13,40 38 27,30 29,20 30,50 32,60
19 11,20 12,30 13,10 14,30 39 28,10 30,10 31,50 33,60
20 12,00 13,20 14,00 15,20 40 29,00 31,00 32,40 34,60
 Ce ll Capac ity
• Tra ffic ca pa city of a ce ll is de te rmine d
by numbe r of a va ila ble tra ffic time s lots
• Trunking e ffe ct give s s ignifica nt ga ins

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BCCH + CCCH 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 1 1
SDCCH 1,5 0,5 1,5 1,5 2,5 2,5 3 3
TCH 6 7 14 22 29 37 44 52
Erl (2% blocking) 2,27 2,93 8,20 14,89 21,04 28,25 34,68 42,12

BCCH/
CCCH TCH
SDCCH
 Traffic Patte rns
• Tra ffic is not e ve nly s pre a d a cros s the da y
(or we e k)
• Dime ns ioning mus t be a ble to cope with pe a k
loa ds
• “bus y hour” is typica lly twice the “a ve ra ge hour” loa d
100 %
90 peak time
80 off-peak
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 hr
Signalling Capacity
 S ig nalling
• Ma inly re a lis e d by S ta nd-a lone De dica te d
Control Cha nne l (S DCCH)
• S DCCH us a ge in 4 ca s e s :
 Ca ll s e t-up (include s MOC, MTC, S MS ,
SS)
 Eme rge ncy ca ll
 Ca ll re -e s ta blis hme nt
 Othe r re a s ons (e .g., loca tion upda te s )
 S DCCH cha nne l is ke y in a chie ving
s ucce s s ful & e fficie nt MS s e t-up.
 CHANNEL CONFIGURATIONS
SDCCH Capacity (a)
• Example (Call establishment and Location Update included)
• Call Establishment
2 TRXs / Cell ~ 8,11 Erl / Cell (1% Blocking probability)
1,5 min / Subs / BH = 25 mErl. / Subs
8,11 Erl / Cell /25 mErl. / Subs = 325 Subs / Cell
Authentication and Ciphering = 7 sec = 1,94 mErl / Call (SDCCH reservation time)
• => 325 Calls / Cell * 1,94 mErl / Call = 0,6305 Erl / Cell (SDCCH)
• Location Update
Location Updates once in 60 minutes ( parameter timerPeriodicUpdateMS )
325 Subs / Cell
SDCCH reservation time for Location Update = 7 sec = 1,94 mErl
• => 325 Calls / Cell * 1,94 mErl / Call = 0,6305 Erl / Cell (SDCCH)
• Call Establishment and Location Update together
• 0,632 Erl + 0,632 Erl = 1,261 Erl / Cell
• With 1% Blocking Probability ( Erlang B table ) => 5 SDCCH / Cell
• Combined BCCH/SDCCH channel structure is not possible in this case !
• Separate Configuration (1 BCCH/CCCH and 1 SDCCH/8) is needed!
 CHANNEL CONFIGURATIONS
SDCCH Capacity (b)
• Example (Call establishment and Location Update included)
• Call Establishment
2 TRXs / Cell ~ 8,11 Erl / Cell (1% Blocking probability)
1,5 min / Subs / BH = 25 mErl. / Subs
8,11 Erl / Cell /25 mErl. / Subs = 325 Subs / Cell
Authentication and Ciphering = 7 sec = 1,94 mErl / Call (SDCCH reservation time)
• => 325 Calls / Cell * 1,94 mErl / Call = 0,6305 Erl / Cell (SDCCH)
• Location Update
Location Updates once in 180 minutes ( parameter timerPeriodicUpdateMS )
325 Subs / Cell
SDCCH reservation time for Location Update = 7 sec = 1,94 mErl
• => 325 Calls / Cell * 1,94 mErl / Call * 1/3 = 0,210 Erl / Cell (SDCCH)

• Call Establishment and Location Update together

• 0,6305 Erl/Cell + 0,210 Erl/Cell = 0,8405 Erl/Cell (SDCCH)
• With 1% Blocking Probability ( Erlang B table ) => ~ 4 SDCCH / Cell
• Combined BCCH/SDCCH channel structure is possible in this case !
 S DCCH Co nfig uratio ns
• TS 0 of BCCH TRX a lwa ys for BCCH + CCCH
• TS 0 ma y be configure d to ca rry DCCH
• S DCCH cha nne ls ma y be configure d in a ny
othe r TS . Conve ntion (but not la w!) is to put it
on TS 1
• Two ba s ic configura tions :
 Combine d control cha nne l
 Non-combine
Combine d configura tion d control cha
Non-combine nne ls tion
d configura

0 7 0 7

ts 1=s dcch/8
ts 0=bcch/s dcch/4/pch/a gch
ts 0=bcch/pch/a gch
 CHANNEL CONFIGURATIONS
Paging Capacity
• Example
• Combined BCCH / SDCCH Configuration
• One Block Reserved for AGCH => 2 Blocks for PCH BTS MS
• Paged Mobile Stations per Paging_Request Message :
From 2 to 4, in Average 3
• In Average 2 Pages per Mobile Station Paging_Request

• 3 Pages/Blocks * 2 Blocks = 6 Pages every 51-frames Multiframe

( 235 ms. )
• 2 Pages / Paged MS => 3 Paged MS every 235 ms. BTS 3MS

• ( ( 3600 * 1000 ) / 235 ) * 3 = 45.957 Paged MS per Hour.

• Worst Case 2 Paging_Request

• All Transactions are Mobile Terminating

• All Cells in Location Area get the same PCH Load
• Capacity
• With one TRX 2,95 Erl.
• 25 mErl. / subs. => 120 subscribers

Capacity of PCH calculated for a Location Area

Inte rfe re nc e
 I
nt
erf
ere
nce
•S
i
gna
lqu
al
i
ty=
s
umo
fa
ll
w a
nt
eds
ig
na
ls c
ar
ri
er
=
s
u mo
fal
lun
wan
t
eds
ig
na
l
i
nte
rf
ere
nce
w
a
nt
eds
i
gna
l a
t
m os
ph
er
i
c
n
oi
se

o
t
hers
ig
na
l
s

G
SMspe
ci
f
ica
ti
ons:C
/I>
=9d
Bf
orn
omi
nal
pe
rf
or
mance
 S ig nal Quality in GS M
• RX Qua lity (RXQUAL pa ra me te r)
• RXQUAL cla s s e s 0... 7 (bit e rror ra te
b e fo re a ll de coding/ corre ctions ):

RXQUAL Mean BER BER range

class (%) from... to
0 0,14 < 0,2%
good
1 0,28 0,2 ... 0,4 %
usable 2 0,57 0,4 ... 0,8 %
signal 3 1,13 0,8 ... 1,6 %
4 2,26 1,6 ... 3,2 %
acceptable
5 4,53 3,2 ... 6,4 %
unusable 6 9,05 6,4 ... 12,8 %
signal 7 18,1 > 12,8 %
S o urc e s o f Inte rfe re nc e

• Re -us e of (own) fre que ncie s

• Multipa th compone nts (long e choe s )
• Exte rna l inte rfe re nce s

• Ne twork pe rforma nce s ha ll be

inte rfe re nc e -lim ite d ra the r tha n
c o v e rag e - lim ite d

P us h inte rfe re nce limits

a s fa r a s pos s ible
 C o -c h a n n e l In te rfe re n c e
• U n a v o id a b le , “h o m e -m a d e ” in te rfe re n c e
• M a jo r c o n trib u tio n to to ta l in te rfe re n c e s
• C a u s e d b y re -u s e o f s a m e fre q u e n c y in th e
n e tw o rk
• S im p lifie d c a s e : 7 -c lu s te r in re g u la r h e x a g o n
p a tte rn
f2 f6
C a rrie r : R - f3
f3
f5
f4
In te rfe re r : 6 * D - f5
f4 f7 f2
C  R
f7 f2
f7 f2 f6
I 6 *D   f6
R f3
f3
f3 f5
f5 f4
f5 f4 D
f4 f2
A n c ie n t c o n c e p t !
f7 f2 f6
f6 f3
f o r d e m o n s t r a t io n o n ly f3 f5
f4
f5
f4
 Trade -Off
• Tra de -off of C/I ve rs us fre que ncy-e fficie ncy a nd
ca pa city
• low C/I va lue s : tight re -us e ==> high e fficie ncy, high
ca pa city
• high C/I va lue : good s igna l qua lity, but low e fficie ncy

digital systems
quality

analog systems

C/ I ratio (dB)

6 9 12 15 18
 In t e r f e r e n c e R e d u c t i o n M e t h o d s
• G o o d f r e q u e n c y p la n
P r o p e r c h o ic e • A n te n n a s :
1 st of ( d o w n - ) t ilt in g
s it e lo c a t io n s !
b e a m w id t h r e d u c t io n
r e o r ie n t a t io n
• P o w e r c o n tro l
• D is c o n t in u o u s t x ( D T X ) b a d lo c a t io n
• F r e q u e n c y h o p p in g *
• A d a p t iv e a n t e n n a s
• D y n a m ic C h a n n e l A llo c a t io n
g o o d lo c a t io n

* a s a s id e e ff e c t - > in t e r fe r e n c e a v e r a g in g
Dis c o ntinuo us Trans mis s io n, DTX

• S witch tra ns mitte r off in s pe e ch pa us e s

a nd s ile nce pe riods
• - both s ide s tra ns mit only “s ile nce
upda te s ” (S ID fra me s )
• - “comfort nois e ” ge ne ra te d by
tra ns code r
• VAD: Voice Activity De te ction (tra ns code r
function)
• Tra ns code r is informe d on us e of DTX/
VAD
(in ca llBattery
s e t-up)
saving
interference reduction
 Fre que nc y Ho pping , FH
• Dive rs ity te chnique
• fre que ncy dive rs ity a ga ins t fa s t fa ding e ffe cts
• us e ful for s ta tic or s low-moving mobile s
• Ba s e Ba nd Hopping
• s igna l hops be twe e n TRXs , (min. 2 TRX)
• NOT on BCCH time s lot
• Ra dio Fre que ncy (S ynthe s is e d) Hopping
• time s lots hop be twe e n diffe re nt fre que ncie s
• NOT on 1s t TRX (BCCH)
• ne e d a wide ba nd combine r

Fre que ncy dive rs ity for s ta tic mobile s

s ide -e ffe ct: inte rfe re nce a ve ra ging
 Po we r Co ntro l, PC
• GS M : 15 powe r s te ps (2 dB e a ch)
• BS C in comma nd
- le ve l or qua lity-drive n or both
• Us e powe r control in both uplink &
downlink
• - doe s n't a ffe ct the Link Ba la nce
• Minimis e inte rfe re nce in ne twork
• S a ve ba tte ry life -time
signal
level target level
e.g. -85 dm

P C not a llowe d
on BCCH ca rrie r
time
Fre que nc y Planning
 G S M B a n d w id th
• G SM 900 :
890 915 935 960
25 MHz
d u p le x d is t a n c e : 4 5 M H z

• G SM 1800 :
75 MHz 1710 1785 1805 1880

d u p le x d is t a n c e : 9 5 M H z

• C h a n n e l s p a c in g 2 0 0 k H z

• U s u a l b a n d w id t h v a lu e s ( G S M 9 0 0 ) :
5 . . 8 M H z p e r o p e r a t o r in o n e o r m o r e s u b - b a n d s
n o t a llo c a t e d
O p e ra to r A O p e ra to r B O p. A O p. B
 Fre que nc y Planning
• Why fre que ncy re -us e ?
• 8 MHz = 40 cha nne ls à 7 tra ffic time s lots =
280 us e rs
• ma x. 280 s imulta ne ous ca lls ? ? !
• Limite d ba ndwidth a va ila ble
• re -us e fre que ncie s a s ofte n a s pos s ible
• incre a s e d ca pa city
• incre a s e d inte rfe re nce s
• Tra de -off be twe e n inte rfe re nce le ve l a nd ca pa city
• Alloca te fre que ncy combina tion tha t cre a te s le a s t ove ra ll
inte rfe re nce conditions in the ne twork

Inte rfe re nce s a re una voida ble

minimis e tota l inte rfe re nce s in ne twork
 Fre que nc y Re -us e Rate

• Ave ra ge numbe r of ce lls tha t ca n ha ve diffe re nt

fre que nce s

6 6
7 8 7 8
3
4
• 1
5
• 2
6
3
4
• 1
5
• 2

9 7 8 9

6
• 3
4
• 1
5
• 2
6
•
7 8 9 7 8
3
4
• 1
5
• 2
6
• 3
4
• 1
5
• 2

9 7 8 9
• 3
4
• 1
5
• 2

9
Frequency Division Strategy
27 ch Macro
9 ch Micro
Bulk Frequency Division

27 ch Macro
9 ch Micro
Interleaved Frequency Division

21 ch Macro 6 Sup

6 Sup 9 ch Micro
Multi Layer Super Reuse
 Re -Us e Rate s
• Fre que ncy re -us e ra te
• me a s ure for e ffe ctive ne s s of fre que ncy pla n
• tra de -off : e ffe ctive ne s s
inte rfe re nce s

• Multiple re -us e ra te s incre a s e e ffe ctive ne s s of frq.

pla n
• compromis e be twe e n s a fe , inte rfe re nce fre e
pla nning
1 a nd3 e ffe ctive
6 re s9 ource12 us a ge15 18 21

same frequency
tight re-use planning safe planning
in every cell
(IUO layer) (BCCH layer)
(“spread spectrum”)
normal planning
(TCH macro layer)
 M u ltip le R e -U s e R a te s

• C a p a c it y in c r e a s e w it h m u lt ip le r e - u s e r a t e s :
• e . g . n e t w o r k w it h 3 0 0 c e lls
BWi
• b a n d w id t h : 8 M H z ( 4 0 r a d io c h a n n e ls ) c a p .  N  re  usei
• S in g le r e - u s e : = 1 2
• N W c a p a c it y = 4 0 / 1 2 * 3 0 0 = 1 0 0 0 T R X

• M u lt ip le r e - u s e :
• B C C H la y e r : re -u s e = 1 4 , ( 1 4 fr q .)
• n o rm a l T C H : re -u s e = 1 0 , ( 2 0 fr q .)
• t ig h t T C H la y e r : re -u s e = 6 , ( 6 fr q .)
• N W c a p . = (1 + 2 + 1 )* 3 0 0 = 1 2 0 0 T R X
 MULTIPLE REUSE PLANS
Most of the area served by super reuse frequency

regular frequencies super reuse

coverage layer capacity layer
(green areas has high interference
C/I ratio under 12 dB)
 Can I use an aggressive freq scheme?

f1’
OVERLAY
SUPER REUSE FREQUENCY f8
f1

UNDERLAY
REGULAR FREQUENCY
f4

• RESULT:
regular frequencies provide coverage on the edge of the cell
super reuse gives capacity
 Reuse Rates
Frequency Allocation Reuse  Effective Reuse

Example:
Total # of freqs = 30
3
2
1 FAR = 30/10 = 3
3 3 10 frequencies / cell
2 2 4 TRX¨s / cell Eff.reuse = 30/4 =7.5
1 1

1/3 Effective Reuse = Total # of frequencies/

Number of TRXs per cell
Frequency Allocation Reuse = Total # of
frequencies / # of frequencies in MAL
 Reuse on TCH Layer
Area*** Siites Cells Total no. Total no of No. of freqs Average Effective
of TRX’s TCH trx’s reserved no. of TCH reuse on
for TCH trx’s/cell** the TCH
layer
Kaohsiung 49 141 445 304 32 2.1 15.2
PIntung 14 39 123 84 32 2.1 15.2
Tainan 20 60 156 96 28 1.6 17.5

**Avg no of trx’s/cell = 1(for BCCH) +Avg. no of TCH trx’s/cell

*** Please note: the areas used for the above calculation include only downtown areas
Table3.1

A list of the BCCH frequencies used are given below

Area No. of freq’s used ARFCN’s***

on BCCH layer
Kaohsiung 23 512 – 532 & 565,566
Pintung 23 512 – 532 & 565,566
Tainan 27 512 – 532 & 561,562,563,564,565,566
 Fre que nc y Planning
• Do not us e
• he xa gon ce ll pa tte rns
• re gula r grids
• s ys te ma tic fre que ncy f2 f6
f3
a lloca tion f5
f3
f5 f4
f4 f7 f2
f7 f2
f7 f6
• But f2 f6
R f3
f3
f3 f5 f4
f5
• inte rfe re nce ma trix f5 f4
f7
f4 D
f2
ca lcula tion f6
f2 f6
f3
f3 f5
• ca libra te d propa ga tion f5 f4
f4

mode ls
• minimis e tota l inte rfe re nce
in ne twork
 S e paratio ns
• Co -c e ll s e paratio n
• e .g . 3 Channe ls
• 600 kHz s pac ing be twe e n fre que nc e s in the s ame
c e ll
• With Fre que nc y Ho pping e ve n s e paratio n o f 1 c an
be us e d s paring ly
(avo idable but c an wo rk with e ffe c tive Powe r
c o ntro l)!
• Co -s ite s e paratio n
• e .g . 2
• 400 kHz s pac ing be twe e n fre que nc e s o n the s ame
s ite
• Co -c hanne l inte rfe re nc e s fro m ne ig hbo ring s ite s
• Adjac e nt c hanne l inte rfe re nc e s fro m ne ig hbo ring
s ite s
 Inbuilding freq allocation?

Regular
Macro cell Super

Rapid Field Drop

Radio Reason

FMMS
Child Cell

Pico cell Micro cell

Micro cell
Micro cell
Combined
Umbrella&PBGT

IUO
 How to achieve capacity
increase?
S= total spectrum available
Capacity in GSM:
S n=re-use factor
n*A A=area/cell

Ways to increase capacity:

(a) Increasing Spectrum:

More bandwidth: up to the regulator, not in operator´s control

(b) Decreasing Cell Area:

Microcellular solution: large number of sites; very expensive

(c) Reducing reuse Factor

Intelligent Underlay Overlay, IUO (Software capacity)
Frequency Hopping
 B e n e fits o f F r e q u e n c y H o p p in g
1 . In te r fe r e n c e d iv e r s ity ; th e in te r fe r e n c e
is a v e r a g e d o v e r m u ltip le fr e q u e n c ie s

In te r fe r e n c e W ith h o p p in g
In te r fe r e n c e N o h o p p in g

F1 F1

F3 F1

F1

F2 a v e ra g e
F2 F3 F2 F3
F2 F3

M S_1 M S_2 M S_3 M S_1 M S_2 M S_3

 B e n e ffits
it s o f F r e q u e n c y H o p p in g
2 . F r e q u e n c y d iv e r s it y ; C o m p e n s a t e s t h e
fr e q u e n c y s e le c tiv e f a d in g
S ig n a l
Level

F1
F2
F3

M S L o c a t io n D is t a n c e

B u rs ts s e n t o n fr e q u e n c y F 2 a r e d e g ra d e d o r lo s t, b u t th e in itia l s ig n a l m a y
s till b e r e c o n s tr u c te d fr o m th e b u rs ts o n fr e q u e n c ie s F 1 a n d F 3 .
 Interference Diversity FH Gain
Relative to the number of hopping frequencies

8
7
6
5 ¾ÐCyc
Gain [dB]

4 ¾t_¿Ran
3
¾:cCycl
2
1 ¾¼„Rand

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of hopping frequencies
 Gain of Frequency Hopping?

The gain of frequency hopping is

measured and simulated to be 6-
8dB

•It allows a tighter frequency reuse in

the network
•It allows to install extra TRXs in a
cell
•By going from 4/12 reuse to 3/9
reuse, 30% capacity is gained with
the same quality
 L is t e n in g T e s ts o f R X Q U A L a n d F E R
S u b je c tiv e q u a lity , la b o ra to ry te s ts

S te a d y q u a lity /F E R v a lu e (fa s t m o b ile o r fre q u e n c y h o p p in g )

RXqual FER
0 -4 good 0 - 4% good
5 s lig h tly d e g ra d e d 4 - 15% s lig h tly d e g ra d e d
6 d e g ra d e d 15 - 35% d e g ra d e d
7 u s e le s s >35% u s e le s s

• R X Q U A L 6 s h o w s r a p id t r a n s it io n : lo w 6 is a lm o s t O K b u t h ig h 6 i s b a d
• F E R h a s f in e r r e s o lu t io n
 B a s e b a n d H o p p in g
R TSL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T R X -1 B f1 B = B C C H tim e s lo t. I t d o e s n o t h o p .

T R X -2 f2 T i m e s lo ts 1 ...7 o f a ll T R X s
h o p o v e r ( f 1 ,f 2 ,f 3 ,f 4 ) .
T R X -3 f3

T R X -4 f4

T i m e s lo t 0 o f T R X - 2 ,- 3 ,- 4 h o p o v e r f 2 ,f 3 ,f 4 .

T R X s a r e fix e d - fr e q u e n c y - t h e s w it c h in g is d o n e a t b a s e b a n d .

N u m b e r o f fr e q u e n c ie s = n u m b e r o f T R X s , h ig h e s t h o p p in g g a in
in la r g e c o n fig u r a t io n s .
 R F H o p p in g
T R X -1 B B = B C C H tim e s lo t. T R X d o e s n o t h o p .

N o n -B C C H T R X s a re h o p p in g o v e r
f1 , f1 , t h e M A - l i s t ( f 1 ,f 2 , f 3 , . . . ,f n ) a t t a c h e d t o t h e c e l l .
f2 , . . . . f2 ,
f3 , f3 ,
fn fn
T R X -2

T R X s ( e x c e p t B C C H ) fr e q u e n c y h o p .

E a c h T R X c a n h o p o v e r m a n y f r e q u e n c ie s - im p r o v e d h o p p in g g
 Ho p p in g C o n fig u ra tio n s

MS does not see

TRX-1 F 1(+ BCCH) any difference
BB-FH
F2
Frequency
TRX-3 F3
Dig. RF F1
F2
BSC F3
MSC
TCSM
Time

TRX-1 F1, F2, F 3

RF-FH
TRX-2 BCCH
Dig. RF

BB-FH is feasible with large configurations

RF-FH is viable with smaller configurations
 Cyc lic and Rando m Ho pping
• Cyclic
• Fre que ncie s cycle d s e que ntia lly through MA lis t
• Optimum for nois e -limite d e nvironme nt - (rura l)

• Ra ndom
• Fre que ncy us a ge ba s e d on ps e udo-ra ndom s e que nce s , s o
the re ca n be s ucce s s ive burs ts on the s a me fre que ncy.
Howe ve r, low corre la tion be twe e n inte rfe re nce s ource s le a d to
ma ximum inte rfe re nce immunity
• Re duce d fre que ncy dive rs ity
• Incre a s e d inte rfe re nce dive rs ity
• Optimum for inte rfe re nce -limite d e nvironme nt (urba n)
 RF Ho pping (aka S ynthe s is e d FH)
• P e rforma nce in a n inte rfe re nce -limite d RF hopping
e nvironme nt is de pe nde nt on the proba bility of ‘collis ion’ of
burs ts .
• Ve ry tight fre que ncy re -us e s ca n be e mploye d if the loa d on
e a ch fre que ncy is ke pt s ufficie ntly low (Fre que ncy Load)
• Low proba bility tha t, for a burs t dura tion, one or more
inte rfe re rs a re tra ns mitting on the s a me fre que ncy
• Ma y us e fractional loading s o tha t e a ch fre que ncy is us e d <
100% pe r ce ll
• Tighte s t re -us e s re quire low fre que ncy load
 Fre q u e n c y Lo a d E ffe c ts
1 1 1 1 4 2 1 7
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 1
1 1 2 2 2 4 5 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 6 5
1 1 3 3 4 2 7 4
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 7
1 1 1 1 2 4 2 3

FAR 1 3 4 7

Worsening C/I at the cell border

Increasing collision probability

Max.
frequency load 8% 30% 40?% 70?%
 Frac tio nal Lo ad
Fra ctiona l loa d = No. hopping TRXs / No. of hopping fre qs .
Load on the BCCH TRX
75 % 25 % not considered, since
the BCCH frequencies
are planned separately

TRX-1 BCCH SDCCH SDCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH f1

TRX-2 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH f2,f3,f4,f5,f6

TRX-3 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH f2,f3,f4,f5,f6

TRX-4 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH f2,f3,f4,f5,f6

Active slots Empty slots Frac. load = 3/5 = 0.6

 Fre que nc y Lo ad
Fre q ue nc y Lo ad = TCH lo ad * Frac tio nal lo ad
= lo ad o n e ac h fre q ue nc y us e d in a c e ll

whe re TCH lo ad = Erlang s c arrie d pe r TCH (e .g . 0.75, be low)

Load on the BCCH TRX
75 % 25 % not considered, since
the BCCH frequencies
are planned separately

TRX-1 BCCH SDCCH SDCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH f1

TRX-2 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH f2,f3,f4,f5,f6

TRX-3 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH f2,f3,f4,f5,f6

TRX-4 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH f2,f3,f4,f5,f6

Active slots Empty slots Frac. load = 3/5 = 0.6

FL = 0.75 * 3/5 = 0.45

 Effe c tive Fre que nc y Lo ad
• EFL=FL/FAR
whe re FL = fre que ncy loa d
FAR = fre que ncy a lloca tion re -us e (1 for 1/1, 2 for 2/2, 3 for 1/3
a nd 3/3)
• I.e . EFL = loa d pe r ce ll on tota l fre que ncie s us e d in hopping
ne twork

• E.g. FL = 0.45
• 1/1 re -us e : EFL = FL/1 = 0.45
• 2/2 re -us e : EFL = FL/2 = 0.225

• EFL a llows be tte r compa ris on be twe e n ne tworks of diffe re nt

configura tion a nd give s a be tte r ide a of s pe ctra l e fficie ncy
Overall Network Quality
• H/W Failure
• Network Configuration
• Network Traffic
• Spectrum Efficiency
• Coverage yes/no
• Service Probability
• Quality
O C NETWORK • Call Set Up Time
P U • Call Success Rate
• Call Completion Rate
E S
R T SERVICES
• Mail Box, Data, Fax, etc.
• Customer Care
A O
T M • Faulty H/W or S/W
O E MOBILE • Mobile Quality
• Misuse of Equipment
R R H/W Costs
COST Subscription/Airtime costs
Additional Services Costs
Network Equipment Costs
Maintenance Costs
Site Leasing Costs
Transmission Link Costs