This document discusses the behavior of structures under blast loading from explosions. It covers:
1) The key parameters of bomb blasts including the magnitude of explosion, standoff distance, structure geometry and orientation.
2) How blast waves propagate and the pressure they exert on structures over time. Structural response depends on factors like loading rate and orientation to the blast.
3) Guidelines for blast-resistant design including standoff zones, structural reinforcement, framing systems, and connection detailing to improve toughness, ductility and resistance to dynamic loads from explosions.
4) References several technical manuals that provide procedures for analyzing and designing structures to resist accidental explosions.
This document discusses the behavior of structures under blast loading from explosions. It covers:
1) The key parameters of bomb blasts including the magnitude of explosion, standoff distance, structure geometry and orientation.
2) How blast waves propagate and the pressure they exert on structures over time. Structural response depends on factors like loading rate and orientation to the blast.
3) Guidelines for blast-resistant design including standoff zones, structural reinforcement, framing systems, and connection detailing to improve toughness, ductility and resistance to dynamic loads from explosions.
4) References several technical manuals that provide procedures for analyzing and designing structures to resist accidental explosions.
This document discusses the behavior of structures under blast loading from explosions. It covers:
1) The key parameters of bomb blasts including the magnitude of explosion, standoff distance, structure geometry and orientation.
2) How blast waves propagate and the pressure they exert on structures over time. Structural response depends on factors like loading rate and orientation to the blast.
3) Guidelines for blast-resistant design including standoff zones, structural reinforcement, framing systems, and connection detailing to improve toughness, ductility and resistance to dynamic loads from explosions.
4) References several technical manuals that provide procedures for analyzing and designing structures to resist accidental explosions.
Many nations have become victims of terrorism on a grand
scale. Bombs have exploded in and around buildings in many countries causing civilian casualties and structural damage. Protecting civilian buildings from increasing crime and terrorist activity is one of the most critical design challenges today Protecting the building against vehicle bomb attacks has become a priority. Due to different accidental or intentional events, related to important structures all over the world, explosive loads have received considerable attention in recent years. Terrorist Tactics Basic Parameters of Bomb Blast
Blast is sudden release of energy and explosion can be
identified as being due to gas, nuclear, bombs or explosives. In the case of buildings, the following parameters need urgent attention: The magnitude of the explosion. The stand off distance. The geometry of a building structural system. The structure orientation with respect to explosive and the ground. Explosive and Bomb phenomenon
• An explosion is defined as a large scale, rapid and sudden release
of energy • The detonation of a condensed high explosive generates hot gases under pressure up to 300 kilo bar and a temperature of about 3000-4000°C • Blast wave instantaneously increases to a value of pressure above the ambient atmospheric pressure. After a short time, the pressure behind the front may drop below the ambient pressure. During such a negative phase, a partial vacuum is created and air is sucked in The nature of blast loading A layer of compressed air, known as the blast wave, forms in front of the expanding gas and is characterized by an instantaneous rise from ambient pressure to a peak incident pressure As the gas expands the pressure decreases until it falls, eventually, to or below the atmospheric pressure This –ve pressure duration longer than +ve phase and lower peak value If the explosion is close to, or on the ground surface, a small proportion of the energy will be transmitted through the ground as seismic waves, whereas most of the energy will be absorbed by the ground surface displacing it and forming a crater Blast load is applied to the perimeter structural elements of a building The blast wave duration, td, is typically in the range of 0.1 – .001 seconds The magnitude that initial velocity, for a single- degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model, is v =fotd/2m The mass of the structural element is the only system parameter that controls the magnitude of the initial motion of the system – the more massive the structural element, the less it will be excited by the impulse from the blast wave Explosive loading Charges situated extremely close to a target structure impose a highly impulsive, high intensity pressure load over a localized region of the structure; charges situated further away produce a lower intensity, longer- duration uniform pressure distribution over the entire structure Blast Wave Scaling Laws
A universal normalized description of the blast
effects can be given by scaling distance relative to (E/Po)1/3 Z = R/W1/3 where R is the actual effective distance from the explosion W is generally expressed in kilograms Prediction of Blast Pressure
Estimations of peak overpressure due to spherical blast
based on scaled distance Z =R/W1/3 was introduced by Brode (1955) as: Pso =6.7/z^3 +1 bar (Pso > 10 bar ) Newmark and Hansen (1961) introduced a relationship to calculate the maximum blast overpressure, Pso, in bars, for a high explosive charge detonates at the ground surface as: Pso = 6784 W /R^3 + 93 (W/ R^3)^0.5 the peak overpressure in kPa is introduced by Mills (1987) Pso = 1772 /z^3 – 114/ z^2 + 108/z Structural response to blast loading
Elastic SDOF Systems:
The equation of motion of the un-damped elastic SDOF system for a time ranging from 0 to the positive phase duration, td, is given by Biggs (1964) as: MŸ+ Ky = Fm (1-t / td) The general solution can be expressed as: Displacement: Y(t) = Fm/k* (1- coswt) + Fm/Ktd (sinwt / w –t) Velocity: Ý(t) = dy/dt =Fm/K[wsinwt + 1/td(coswt-1)] The dynamic load factor, DLF, is defined as the ratio of the maximum dynamic deflection ym to the static deflection yst which would have resulted from the static application of the peak load Fm, DLF = ymax/yst = ymax/(Fm/K) = ψ(wtd) = ψ(td/T) Failure modes of blast-loaded structures
Blast loading effects on structural members may
produce both local and global responses The type of structural response depends mainly on the loading rate, the orientation of the target with respect to the direction of the blast wave propagation and boundary conditions Local responses are characterized by localized bleaching and spalling, and generally result from the close-in effects of explosions global responses are typically manifested as flexural failure Global failure mode to be considered is shear failure Local response depends mainly on the distance between the source of the explosion and the target and the relative strength/ductility of the structural elements Breaching failure due to close in explosion Principles of blast-resistant planning of structure Stand-off Zone: Bollards planters, fountains, fences as obstacles to ramming vehicles/truck bombs Keep parking away from the building. Restricted parking or no parking underneath the building Structural Reinforcement: Avoid re-entrant corners on the exterior where blast pressures may build up. Eaves and overhangs to be designed to withstand high local pressure and suction during blast. Curtain walls and masonry walls break up readily and become secondary fragments during blast. Consider using reinforced cast- in-place concrete walls, at least for the lower floors. It minimizes flying debris and assists in carrying additional load. Structural Framing:- Avoid exposed structural elements such as columns on the exterior Provide structural redundancy to carry severe dynamic loading and reduce the chance of progressive collapse Properly detail beam-column connections to resist upward or downward blast loads Provide ductile details for structural connections to absorb the blast energy Concrete floor slab failure locally, Transfer load to adjacent horizontal support Provide alternate load paths Provide additional beams at critical areas for additional vertical and lateral support Provide drop panels at perimeter column capitals to reduce the supporting span of slab above. Blast resistant design of structure
Blast-resistant design is element-focused
It enhances toughness, ductility, strength and dynamic characteristics of individual structural elements for resistance to air-blast induced loading. Design
The design procedure includes:
1) Blast load definition 2) Response limit selection 3) Trial member sizing and reinforcing 4) Nonlinear dynamic SDOF analysis of the member 5) Comparing the calculated SDOF response with the response limit and adjusting the trial member as necessary Beams 1) Balanced design often leads to a strong column – weak beam approach, with the intent that beam failure is preferable to column failure. 2) Provide sufficient shear transfer to floor slabs so that directly applied blast loads can be resisted by the diaphragms rather than weak-axis beam bending. 3) Transfer girders should be avoided in regions identified as having a high blast threat Columns: Design critical columns to be able to span two stories, in the event that lateral bracing is lost, particularly when using a weak beam approach. Detailing and Connections: 1) Use special seismic moment frame details. 2) Avoid splices at plastic hinge locations. 3) Provide continuous reinforcing through joints. 4) Used hooked bars where continuous reinforcing is not possible. Technical design manuals for blast- resistant design Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions, TM 5-1300 (U.S. Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, 1990). Widely used publication by both military and civilian organizations for designing structures to prevent the propagation of explosion and to provide protection for personnel and valuable equipment. A Manual for the Prediction of Blast and Fragment Loadings on Structures, DOE/TIC- 11268 (U.S. Department of Energy, 1992). This manual provides guidance to the designers of facilities subject to accidental explosions and aids in the assessment of the explosion-resistant capabilities of existing buildings. Fundamentals of Protective Design for Conventional Weapons, TM 5-855-1 (U.S. Department of the Army, 1986). This manual provides procedures for the design and analysis of protective structures subjected to the effects of conventional weapons Conclusion
For high-risks facilities such as public and
commercial tall buildings, design considerations against extreme events (bomb blast, high velocity impact) is very important. It is recommended that guidelines on abnormal load cases and provisions on progressive collapse prevention should be included in the current Building Regulations and Design Standards. Requirements on ductility levels also help improve the building performance under severe load conditions. References
T. Ngo,P.Mendis,A.Gupta, ‘Blast Loading and Blast Effects on Structures’ Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Hongwei, M. & Mak, S., “High strain rate behaviour of concrete cylinders subjected to uniaxial compressive impact loading”, Proc. of 18th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Perth, Australia. 2004a. Mills, C.A., “ The design of concrete structure to resist explosions and weapon effects,” Proceedings of the 1stInt. Conference on concrete for hazard protections, Edinburgh, UK, pp. 61-73, 1987. Dennis M.Mc Cann and S.J.Smith, ‘Blast Resistant Design Of Reinforced Concrete Structure’ Henry Wong, ‘Blast-Resistant Building Design Technology’ THANK YOU