COMPILED BY

ANGESOM.G(B.TEC)

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 CHAPTER 5

What is your
expectation?

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 Drilling
Q1. what is drilling?
 Drilling is the process of making a hole into a hard surface where the
length of the hole is very large compared to the diameter.
 Drilling is the processes of making holes by penetrating the rock
mass using drill machines.
 Drill is the machine that carries out the drilling operation.
 shot holes are holes of small diameter (32–45 mm) and short length
(upto 3 m) and they are drilled during tunneling and drivage work in
mines.
 The blastholes are longer (exceeding 3 m to 40 m or so) and larger in
diameter (exceeding 45 mm to 75 mm or so), and that are drilled as
cut-holes in tunnels and drives, and in the stopes
 big blastholes,besides to the surface mines large diameter (exceeding
75 mm) long holes have begun for the raising and stoping operations
in underground mines too.

Q2. do you know the difference b/n shot hole and blast hole? 3
 Q3. Why we drill ?
 We drill for different purpose.
 Production drilling i.e.
 for making holes for placement of explosives for blasting. The objective of
drilling and blasting is to prepare well-fragmented loose rock amenable to
excavation with better productivity from the excavation machinery. The
holes drilled for this purpose are defined as blast hole.
 Exploration drilling
 for sample collections to estimate the quality and quantity of a mineral
reserve. The samples are collected as core and the drilling for such
purposes are referred as Core drilling. As diamond bits are used for such
drilling, core drilling is often called diamond drilling.
 Technical drilling
 during development of a mine for drainage, slope stability and foundation
testing purpose.
 ground support installation,
 utility installation, dewatering 4
 operating components of drilling system
 There are four main functional components of a drilling
system,
 The drill(Energy source ): it acts as prime mover converting the
original form of energy that could be fluid, pneumatic or
electric into the mechanical energy to actuate the system.
 The rod (or drill steel, stem or pipe) also called Energy
transmitter
 it transmits the energy from prime mover to the bit or
applicator.
 The bit (Energy applicator): it is the applicator of energy
attacking the rock mechanically to achieve penetration.
 The circulation fluid: it cleans the hole, cools the bit, and at
times stabilizes the hole. It supports the penetration through
removal of cuttings. The fluid can be water, air, or mud.
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Classification of drilling methods and drills
no Based on variant example
1 Mode of energy 1, Percussive  Churn or cable tool drill, jack hammer,
application  top hammer,  For shallow holes, the whole drill strings
offer hammering
 DTH  For hole larger than 150 mm and deeper
holes, offers increased rod and coupling
life and less noisy.
2 Rotary  Auger or rotary drill, Diamond drill

3 Rotary percussive  top hammer drill and DTH

2 Size of hole Small hole 150-200 mm for coal

Medium hole 250-315 mm for OB

Large hole >315 mm for dewatering well

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 Cont..
3 Method of mounting 1. Hand held Jack Hammer
2 Skid mounted
Typical hole size 63-150
3 Wagon mounted mm (Percussion)

Single pass drilling from

4 Crawler mounted 7.6 to 15.2 m; hole size 120
to 229mm(Percussion

4 Type of power 1 Electric

2 Pneumatic Less costly, high noise

May be diesel or electrically

3 Hydraulic powered

5 Flushing Wet drilling Water flushed

Dry drilling Air flushed

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 Cont..
6 direction Vertical

Horizontal

Inclined

7 On board  With Measure while drilling (M

Facilities
WD) and automated Dril
Monitoring (ADM)

 Without measure while drilling

 With automation

 Semi automatic

 Remotely controlled

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 Classification of drilling Methods
A. Conventional drilling B. Unconventional drilling
method method
1. Rotary, 1 Thermal drilling
2. Percussive  Jet piercing
3. rotary percussive  Induction drilling
4. water jetting  Microwave drilling
 Percussive  Laser drilling
 Cable tool drilling 2. Chemical drilling
 Top hammer drilling
 Down-The-Hole hammer

 Rotary
 Full face drilling
 Rotary drilling
 Diamond drilling
 Auger drilling 9
 classification based on modes of energy application
 The majority of blasthole drilling is performed by three primary methods or
mechanisms based on the mode of energy application. i.e.
1) Percussive drilling
2) Rotary drilling
3) Percussive Rotary drilling
1) Percussive drilling
 Percussive drill bits break rock by indentation. The percussive impact is
delivered by either pneumatic or hydraulic pressure.
 Compared to pneumatic drills, hydraulic drills are capable of higher
percussion power and faster penetration rates.
 In percussion drilling a chisel type or button type bit hammers or blows
the rock mass while turning the tool in between two successive blows
called blow indexing.
 It uses 3 types of bit;
1 Drill steel with integral chisel bit 3 Retrac button bit
2 Cross bit
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 cont...
 The peak stress applied to the bit by the drilling machine
causes the bit to strike the rock at a stress calculated by:

 Either compressed air or water pushes the piston in the drill to

strike the steel in a repetitive manner. The energy to break the
rock is imparted through the drill bit by the compressive stress
wave imparted by the piston to the steel. d.steel

piston
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 cont…
 Either compressed air or water pushes the piston in the drill to strike
the steel in a repetitive manner. The energy to break the rock is
imparted through the drill bit by the compressive stress wave
imparted by the piston to the steel.

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 Cont…
 The maximum stress in the piston and the drill steel
are given by:

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 percussive drilling parameters
 Percussive drilling consists of four drilling parameters which affect
performance:
 percussion power (percussion energy and frequency)
 feed force,
 bit rotation speed and
 flushing
1 Percussion power (percussion energy and frequency)
 Pneumatic drilling has a typical impact frequency of between 1,600
3,400 hits per minute; hydraulic drilling, 2,000 - 4,500 hits per
minute.
 Percussion output power is a function of hydraulic or pneumatic
pressure and flow rates
 Compared to pneumatic drills, hydraulic drills are capable of higher
percussion power and faster penetration rates.
2 Feed force
 Feed force is required to keep the shank in contact with the drill and
the drill bit in contact with the rock.
 Broken rock should be drilled at low percussion and feed pressures.
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 Cont…
 Low feed force results in:
 Poor transmission of percussion energy, shank damage and increased
thread wear since couplings tend to loosen
 Reduced penetration rates due to poor percussion energy transfer
through the drill string
 Almost no resistance to rotation and low torque
 Increased inner bit button wear
 Over heated and rattling coupling
 Very high feed force leads to:
 Unnecessary bending and drill steel and shank wear
 Flushing problems
 Rapid button wear on the bits due to increased drag against the hole
bottom and because bit is forced to work in inclined position when
drill string bends
 Increased hole deviation
 Uncoupling becomes difficult due to excessively tight threads
 Lower penetration rates

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 Cont…
3 Bit rotation
 The main purpose of bit rotation is to index the drill bit
between consecutive blows
 The following factors affect optimum bit rotation speed:
 Rock type
 Rock drill frequency
 Drill bit diameter
 Gauge button diameter (in case of button bit) At optimum
rotation speed, the size of the disintegrated chips is greatest and
thus the penetration rate is maximum.
 Bit rotation speed can be calculated through the following
equation:
 n =S •ƒ •60/лd
Where S = Gauge button travel distance between consecutive
blows [mm] n = Bit rotation speed [RPM] ƒ = Impact
frequency of the hammer [1/s] d = Bit diameter [mm]
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 cont...
Flushing (air/water)
Rotation
Percussion

Flushed bit
Feed chips Drill rod

Fig : Principle of percussive drilling

4 Flushing
 Flushing is used to remove rock cuttings from the drillhole and to cool the
drill bit. The flushing medium - air, water, mist or foam - is forced to the bottom
of the drillhole through the steel’s flushing hole and the holes in the drill bit.
 Class of percussion drilling method
1 Top hammer drilling
2 DTH also called ITH drilling
3 Cable tool drilling
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 TOP-HAMMER DRILLING
 In this system the top-hammer’s piston hits the shank
adapter and creates a shock wave, which is transmitted
through the drill string to the bit.
 The energy is discharged against the bottom of the hole and
the surface of the rock is crushed into drill cuttings.
 It uses conventional drills
 Impact mechanism outside the hole
 Medium-hard, hard rocks in u/g mines and tunnels.
 The rock drill and drill string are arranged
on feeding device.
 In surface mines and civil construction
sites 76–127 mm (3”–5”) hole diameters is
the usual range
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Cont..

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DOWN-THE-HOLE (DTH) DRILLING
 Impact mechanism inside hole,
 Medium-hard, hard rocks in surface & u/g mines.
 The piston strikes directly on the bit, and no energy is lost
through joints in the drill string
 This is very simple method for the operators for deep and
straight hole drilling.1 In surface mines 85–165 mm (3.4”–
6.5”) and in under ground 89-165 mm hole diameters is
the usual range
 The DTH drill follows immediately behind the bit into the
hole, rather than remaining on the feed as with the
ordinary drifters and jackhammers.

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 2, ROTARY DRILLING
 The drill bit is rotated by applying torque at the end of the drill
string, which results in removal of chips from the face of the
hole.
 Power for bit rotation and penetration is either diesel or
electric.
 used for drilling large holes()
 there are 3 types of bits used in rotary
 Drag bits are used for 75–250 mm (3–10 in.) holes in soft rock.
 Tricone bits are used for 75–300 mm (3–12 in.) holes in
medium and harder rock.
 Larger roller bits are used for holes larger than 300 mm (12
in.).
 class of rotary drilling ;
 Augur drilling
 diamond drilling
 Full face drilling
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 rock drilablity/penetration rate
 Rock drillability is defined as the penetration rate of a drill bit into the rock.
 It is a function of several rock properties such as:
 Mineral composition; Texture; Grain size; Degree of weathering
 P = (61 – 28 log10Sc) W R/(250 D)
where
 P = penetration rate (ft/h)
 Sc= = rock compressive strength (thousands lb/in.
 W = pull down weight of drill (thousand lb)
 R = drill rotary speed (rpm)
 D = hole diameter (in.)
 or (for metric units) P= (214 – 98 log10 (0.145 Sc)) W R/(250 D)
Where
 P = penetration rate (m/h)
 S = rock compressive strength (MPa)
 W = pulldown weight of drill (t)
 R = drill rotary speed (rpm)
 D = hole diameter (mm)

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 AUGUR DRILL

 The augur drill is the simplest type of rotary drill in

which a hallow-stem augur is rotated into the ground
without mud or flushing. The continuous-flight
augurs convey the cuttings continuously to the
surface. This also works on the rotary cutting
principle.


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rock drills mounting

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 Cont..
 blast hole drill

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 motive power of rock drill
1. ELECTRIC DRILLS
 These are used for the rotary drilling of the shot holes
 These can be hand and column mounted.
 Handhold drills are suitable for drilling in soft rocks having weight:
15–25 kg; motor rating 1–1.5 kw; and rotation speed 300–900 rpm.
 Column mounted drills can be used for the blast-hole drilling and
for the core drilling, e.g. diamond drills for exploration and
prospecting purposes.
2. PNEUMATIC DRILLS
 These are the most commonly used drills in metal and non-metal
mines, and tunnels.
 These are low cost, simple in design and suitable for rough handling
and use.
 These drills suffer from the disadvantage of its low efficiency in
terms of its input compressed air power.
 these drills are noisy and their exhausts generate mist and fog. They
are suitable for any degree of toughness of the rock.
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HYDRAULIC DRILLS

 Introduction of hydraulic drills in underground mines

and tunnels is recent. Presently more than dozen-
reputed manufacturers are in area giving considerable
different designs. Initially rotary hydraulic drills came
up and later on the rotary percussive drills.

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Comparison b/n pneumatic and hydraulic

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TUNNELING/DEVELOPMENT DRILL JUMBOS
 SHAFT JUMBOS
 used to suit the narrow space available during shaft sinking
operations.
 This jumbo is usually consists of a column with a horizontal
top platform to which the drill booms are attached.
 The vertical column acts as the air header and the top
platform serve as storage space for the hydraulic power unit.
 RING DRILLING JUMBOS
 To achieve longhole drilling with maximum speed, accuracy
and safety at low cost
 The feed mechanism is either screw, chain or cable type.
 FAN DRILLING JUMBOS
 In sublevel caving the drilling work is considerably high and
this calls deployment of highly productive drills.
 A fan shaped drill hole pattern is drilled using these jumbos.
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 Cont…
 WAGON DRILL JUMBOS
 Uses in cut and fill stoping operations.
 The pneumatic tyred three wheels, or four-wheel chassis
carriers are used to mount the drills for this purpose. Air
motors propel these carriers
 DTH DRILL JUMBOS
 To utilize a DTH drill only top heading and draw points
are necessary.
 The basic energy source for this drill is compressed air
 The DTH drills are mounted either on crawler track or
rubber tyre vehicle and the tramming power is provided
either by the pneumatic or hydraulic motors.
 ROOF BOLTING JUMBOS
These jumbos are meant for roof bolting.
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