ENZYMES

BY TEACHER HIDAYAH
What are enzymes?
 Enzymes are biological catalysts -
catalysts are substances that increase the
rate of chemical reactions without being
used up.
 Enzymes are made up of proteins
 There are two types of enzymes :
i)breaker enzyme
ii) builder enzyme
Five important properties of
enzymes
 They are all proteins
 Each enzyme controls one particular
reaction
 They can be used again and again
 They are affected by temperature
 They are affected by pH
How do enzymes work
 How do enzymes work?
This is how a builder-enzyme works
 How do enzymes work?
This is how a breaker-enzyme works
 Examples of enzyme

 Amylase
breaks down starch to glucose

 Protease
breaks down protein to amino acids

 Lipase
breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids
Temperature and enzymes
 The graph shows the typical
change in an enzyme's activity
with increasing temperature.
 The enzyme activity gradually
increases with temperature until
around 37ºC, or body
temperature.
 Then, as the temperature
continues to rise, the rate of
reaction falls rapidly, as heat
energy denatures the enzyme.
pH and enzymes
 Changes in pH alter an
enzyme’s shape.
 Different enzymes work
best at different pH
values.
 The optimum pH for an
enzyme depends on
where it normally works.
 For example, intestinal
enzymes have an
optimum pH of about 7.5.
 Enzymes in the stomach
have an optimum pH of
about 2.
Denature

 Ifthe shape of the enzyme changes, its

active site may no longer work.
 We say the enzyme has been denatured.
 They can be denatured by high
temperatures or extremes of pH.
 Note that it is wrong to say the enzyme
has been killed. Although enzymes are
made by living things, they are proteins,
and not alive.
Exercise
Use the below graph to answer the Questions

1. What is the optimal pH for Intestinal Protease? _____

2. What is the optimal pH for Gastric Protease? _______

3. Which enzyme works best in a very acidic environment?

Exercise
Use the 2 graphs below to answer the Questions

1. What is the optimal pH that this enzyme functions at?

___________________

2. What is the optimal temperature that this enzyme

functions at? ________

3. What happens when the pH is 2?

________________________________