PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT

BASED TRANSMISSION LINE

PROTECTION SCHEME DESIGN
Hassan Khorashadi Zadeh, Zuyi Li

(A PAPER SUMMARY)
BY
OKHUEGBE SAMUEL NOSAKHALE
EE300-0011/2018
INTRODUCTION
(WHY TRANSMISSION LINE)

 Transmission line protection is the most elaborate and challenging

function in power system protection.

 About two-thirds of faults in power systems occur on transmission line

network.

 Faults on the Transmission Network can cause catastrophic effects.

DISTANCE RELAYING PROTECTION

 It operates on the principle of measuring the impedance at a fundamental

frequency between relay location and the fault points.
 It also uses the measured impedance to determine if a fault is internal or
external to a protection zone
 The Impedance can be calculated from the Voltage and Current data,
here Voltage and current transformers assist

But the conventional distance relay protection is associated with a lot of

disadvantages and problems
 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
DISTANCE RELAY PROTECTION

The distance relay operates on the principle of the measured

impedance, but this measured impedance is affected by various
factors;
Power Swings

Load Current

Mutual Coupling Effect caused by zero sequence current in

Double Circuit Transmission lines

Over Reaching and Under Reaching in Double Circuit

Transmission lines
 SINGLE POLE AUTO-RECLOSER (SPAR)

 Transient Single-phase to ground faults are the most frequent faults that occur
on Extra-High-Voltage transmission systems. SPAR provides a means to improve
transient stability.
 But re-closing on a permanent fault is undesirable and can cause potential
damage.
 Conventional SPARs re-closes circuit breaker after a set fixed time delay(dead
time) following a protection trip order.
 It is necessary to distinguish between permanent and transient faults and to use
an intelligent time varying auto reclosing scheme that can adaptively change
the dead time based on deionization of the fault path.
 PHASE MEASUREMENT UNIT (PMU)

To help solve some of the challenges posed by the conventional distance relay and
SPAR, a phase measurement unit based solution where synchronized measurement
data from both ends of a transmission line is used to protect the line, is proposed.
Also an adaptive SPAR with variable dead time control in the case of transient fault
by determining secondary arc extinction.

 Based on the technology of synchronized phasor measurement.

 Provides an ideal measurement system for monitoring and controlling a power
system.
 It measures the positive, negative and zero sequence of voltage and current.
 Provides real-time measurement with precise time synchronization (GPS).
PMU BASED TRANSMISSION LINE
PROTECTION

The major features are ;

Phase Measurement Unit
(PMU)

Line Parameter Estimator

(LPE)

Distance Protection Unit

(DPU)

PMU Based Transmission Line protection. Single Pole Auto-Recloser

(SPAR)
LINE PARAMETER ESTIMATOR

Transmission Line Model

 The impedance parameters of he line can be

calculated using synchronized positive sequence
voltage and current phasors based on the PMU
measurement.
Vs,Is = Sending end +ve seq V &I
VR,IR =Receiving end +ve seq V & I
 The accurate measurement of the terminal voltages Zc = Surge Impedance
and current will allow of accurate computation of y = propagation constant
the line parameters i.e Z, Y, Zc, y
 DISTANCE PROTECTION UNIT

It contains 4 main components; Fault detector and classifier, fault locator, decision making
unit, conventional protection scheme.
Fault classifier outputs for the 3 phases A, B, C

Fault detector algorithm

The Directional detector element measures the angle between the positive sequence
components of the phasor currents at the sending and receiving ends of the line
It also supervises the main fault classifier output,
EXTERNAL FAULT = Close to ZERO degrees
INTERNAL FAULT =180 degrees.
 FAULT LOCATOR AND DECISION
MAKING UNIT

Equivalent positive sequence of a faulted line

 SINGLE POLE AUTO-RECLOSER

Next is to measure the secondary arc

extinction based on the secondary arc
current. Re-closing is done when this current is
less than a threshold.
Firstly, the fault must be detected as a transient
fault, to avoid closing on permanent fault. This
can be checked using the Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD) of the Primary Arc Voltage.
If THD is High, the it is a transient fault. Also if cal
THD is greater than a threshold. THD calculated
using the formulae below.
 SUITABLE FOR DOUBLE CIRCUIT
LINES/POWER SWINGS
The different possible configurations of parallel lines combined with the effect of mutual
coupling makes their protection a challenging problem.
 The mutual coupling and line operating conditions just has an impact on the zero-
sequence equivalent network.
 The proposed scheme can be used to protect double circuit lines since it uses the
positive sequence voltages and current
 So it will not be affected by zero sequence coupling mutual component.
 Power swings affect the impedance seen by the relay and may cause false operation if
steps are not taken.
 The proposed scheme is robust against power swing and the relay will not operate in
power swing conditions.
 Because as long as the fault classifier outputs are zero the relay would not trip, whether
power swing is present or not.
 RESULTS AND SIMULATION

The system was tested for different types

of faults namely;

Relay Response to faults at

different locations
Using electromagnetic transient program
EMTDC, a two machine 3phase 400KV
power system was simulated. The Response to faults of
transmission line is a double circuit line and different types of faults
the one-line diagram is shown above

Response to faults in power

swing conditions
 RESULTS

It can be seen that the proposed scheme

is able to determine the fault locations The proposed scheme accurately
with high accuracy in less than 200ms determines fault locations for all faults types
RESULTS CONTD

It can be seen that the proposed relay operates

for all conditions correctly as expected while the
conventional relay cannot perform for fast
power swings, three phase faults during power
swings and high resistance ground faults.
 CONCLUSION

 The paper presents an adaptive transmission line protection scheme based on

synchronized phasor measurement
 The proposed scheme is applicable to protect both double and single circuit lines.
 The results show that the scheme is able to detect fault locations with different types of
fault at different locations.
 The results also show that this scheme is robust against power swing as opposed to the
conventional relay.
 Also a novel adaptive SPAR was introduced

THANK YOU