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HPLC

HPLC
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi
Atau dapat disingkat LC

Chromatography  teknik pemisahan


Liquid  Fase gerak berupa cairan

High Pressure  digunakan tekanan tinggi


untuk mengalirkan fase gerak melalui kolom
HPLC
• Dikembangkan pada awal 1970-an
• Dewasa ini merupakan teknik paling banyak
digunakan untuk pemisahan dan analisis dari
berbagai bidang seperti farmasi, bioteknologi,
lingkungan, polimer dan makanan.
• Merupakan “method of choice for the analysis of
a wide variety compounds”
Keunggulan dan Kelemahan HPLC
Keunggulan Kelemahan
• Dilakukan pada suhu • Sulit ditemukan
kamar detektor yang
• Analisis kuantitatif yang universal
cepat dengan presisi dan • Efisiensi pemisahan
akurasi yang tinggi lebih rendah daripada
• Dapat dioperasikan secara GC
otomatis • Lebih rumit dalam
• Sensitivitas detektor yang pelaksanaannya
tinggi • Lebih mahal
• Dapat diaplikasikan untuk
berbagai analit dalam jenis
sampel yang lebih luas
Klasifikasi HPLC Berdasarkan
Mekanisme

• Kromatografi adsorpsi (adsorption


chromatography)
• Kromatografi Partisi (partition chromatography)
• Kromatografi Pertukaran ion (ion exchange
Chromatography)
• Size exclusion chromatography (SEC)
– Kromatografi Permeasi Gel
– Kromatografi Filtrasi Gel
CHRO M ATO GRAPHY

GAS SFC L IQ U ID

G SC G LC C o lu m n P la n a r

NP RP IE C SEC T LC P aper

GPC G FC
Fase normal dan Fase terbalik

 Normal Phase (Fase normal)


 Fase diam polar dan fase gerak non polar
 Contoh Fase gerak: Chloroform, heksana
dll.

• Reversed Phase (Fase terbalik)


• Fase diam non polar dan fase gerak polar
• Contoh fase gerak: air, metanol, asetonitril
dll.
Kromatografi Fase Normal

• Disebut juga kromatografi


cair-padat atau kromatografi
adsorpsi (adsorption
chromatography)
• Pemisahan didasarkan atas
adsorpsi/desorpsi analit pada
fase diam polar (silika atau
alumina)
• Analit polar lebih tertahan
daripada analit non polar
karena gugus silanol pada
silika.
Kromatografi Fase terbalik
• Pemisahan didasarkan atas
koefisien partisi analit dalam
fase diam dan fase gerak
• Urutan elusi: analit polar terelusi
lebih dahulu, analit non plar
terelusi terakhir
• Cocok untuk analisis zat-zat
yang larut dalam air, semipolar
atau beberapa senyawa non
polar.
• Untuk analit berupa ion dapat
dianalisis dengan RP-HPLC
menggunakan dapar dan teknik
pasangan ion (ion-pair).
Ion Exchange Chromatography

• Pemisahan didasarkan atas


pertukaran ion analit dengan
ion dari gugus fungsi bahan
pendukung padat fase diam
• Contoh Fase diam: senyawa
sulfonate (penukar kation);
ammonium kuarterner
(penukar anion)
• Fase gerak: dapar
• Aplikasi: analisis ion, asam-
asam amino, protein/peptida,
polinukleotida
Size Exclusion Chromatography
• Untuk pemisahan
makromolekul (BM >
10000).
• Disebut GFC jika
digunakan untuk
pemisahan molekul
biologis yang larut air
• Disebut GPC jika
digunakan untuk
penentuan Bobot molekul
suatu polimer organik.
Fase gerak umumnya
toluen dan
tetrahidrofuran.
Modus Pemisahan Lainnya

• Kromatografi afinitas (Affinity chromatography) 


pemisahan berdasarkan interaksi reseptor/ligand dengan
komponen analit. Ligand dalam bentuk enzim, antigen
atau hormon yang diikatkan pada bahan pendukung
padat.
• Chiral chromatography  untuk senyawa chiral
• Hydrophillic interaction chromatography (HILIC)  mirip
NP-HPLC yang menggunakan fase diam polar tetapi
dielusi dengan fase gerak polar.
Instrumentation

Gradient
Controller

Pump Column
Detector
Injector
Mobile Phases
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
Degasser

70 mbar

A A
B B
C C

Pump

A A B C
A B C

B
C

Eluent Gradient mixer Detector


Column
Instrumentation
Fase Gerak

• Fase gerak
diletakkan dalam
botol-botol
reservoir.
Fase Gerak

• Zat cair yang


digunakan sebagai
fase gerak harus
saling campur.
HPLC Mobile Phase

• High solubility for the sample components


• Non corrosive to HPLC system components
• High purity, low cost, UV transparency
• Others: low viscosity, low toxicity, non
flammability
Reversed-phase mobile phases

• Water
• Methanol
• Acetonitrile
• THF
• Additives, salts, acids, bases
• Ion pairing
Kemurnian Fase gerak

• Diperlukan solvent dengan Solvent UV Cutoff (nm)


kemurnian tinggi
• Adanya pengotor Acetonitrile 190
(impurities) pada solvent Water 190
Cyclohexane 195
dapat menimbulkan
gangguan analisis. Hexane 200
Methanol 210
• Gunakan HPLC grade Ethanol 210
• Air sebagai fase gerak: Diethyl Ether 220
digunakan water for Dichloromethane 220
injection Chloroform 240
Carbon Tetrachloride 265
Tetrahydrofuran 280 (220)
Toluene 285
Isocratic and Gradient Elution

Isocratic elution:
Constant mobile phase composition during run

Gradient elution:
Programme a changing (stepwise or continuous) mobile
phase composition during the run  For more complex
mixtures
Degasser
• Menghilangkan udara (gas nitrogen dan oksigen)
yang terlarut.
• Adanya udara dapat menimbulkan variasi tekanan
pada pompa atau timbulnys noise pada detektor
tertentu (RID, FLD dan Amperometric Detector)
• Cara: vacuum degassing, pengaliran gas helium
atau ultrasonikasi.
Pompa HPLC

• Pompa Pencampur  untuk menarik solvent


fase gerak dari botol reservoir
• Pompa Analisis  mengalirkan fase gerak ke
dalam kolom

• Sistem Pompa:
• Tekanan Tinggi
• Tekanan rendah
Pompa Analisis

• Tekanan: 6000-9000 psi


• Kecepatan alir: 0.1 – 10 ml/menit
• Terbuat dari baja atau teflon
• Dapat memberikan aliran isokratik dan gradien
Pompa tekanan rendah
Sample Injection

– Load and Inject -Position

Load – Inject
Position
Sample Injection

– Load and Inject -Position


HPLC Columns

Column: the key part of the


separation
HPLC Column Categories

• Column Hardware: Standard or Cartridge,


stainless, PEEK, titanium
• Chromatographic Modes: Normal-phase (NPC),
reversed-phase (RPC), ion-exchange (IEC), size
exclusion (SEC)
• Dimensions (: Prep, semi-prep, analytical, fast
LC, micro, nano
• Support Types: Silica, polymer, zirconia, hybrid
HPLC Column: Specification

CS-Chromatographie Service
Multospher 120 RP-18 HP 5µ

Length x ID
Art.-Nr. xxxx HPLC-column 250x3 mm
Multospher 120 RP-18 HP-5
Ch. 70801 Particle size in µm
Column-Nr. 0103-01 Flow --------
Modification of silicagel

Pore size (Angström)

Producer of silica gel

Flow direction
HPLC Columns
• Column Dimensions
– Length and internal diameter of packing bed
 Short (30-50mm) - short run times, low backpressure
 Long (250-300mm) - higher resolution, long run times
 Narrow ( 2.1mm) - higher detector sensitivity
 Wide (10-22mm) - high sample loading

• Particle Shape
– Spherical or irregular
– Spherical particles  reduced back
pressures and longer column life
HPLC Columns
• Particle Size
– The average particle diameter,
typically 3-20µm
– Smaller particles offer higher efficiency
but also cause higher backpressure
< 2µm  UPLC

• Surface Area
– Sum of particle outer surface and interior pore
surface, in m2/gram
– High surface area generally provides greater
retention, capacity and resolution
– Low surface area packings generally
equilibrate quickly, especially important in
gradient analyses.
HPLC Columns: Particle Physical Characteristics

•Pore Size
– Average size of pores or cavities in
particles, ranging from 60-10,000Å
– Larger pores allow larger solute
molecules to be retained longer through
maximum exposure to the surface area
of the particles.
– Choose a pore size of 150Å or less for
sample MW  2000.
Monolithic Columns

Monolithic Silica Rods


Increased Flow Rates with Excellent Resolution
Chromatography Stationary Phases

Silica Gel Derivatized Silica Gel

O O O O O O
| | | | | |
OSiOSiOSiOH OSiOSiOSiOR Where R = C18H37
| | | | | |
hydrocarbon chain
O O O O O O
(octadecylsilyl deriv.
| | | | | |
silica or “C18”)
OSiOSiOSiOH OSiOSiOSiOR
| | | | | |
O O O O O O

bulk (SiO2)x surface bulk (SiO2)x surface

relatively polar surface relatively nonpolar surface


“normal phase” “reversed phase”
Bonded Phases

• C-2 Ethyl Silyl -Si-CH2-CH3

• C-8 Octyl Silyl -Si-(CH2)7-CH3

• C-18 Octadecyl Silyl -Si-(CH2)17-CH3

• CN Cyanopropyl Silyl -Si-(CH2)3-CN


HPLC Columns: Particle Physical Characteristics

•Carbon Load
– Amount of bonded phase attached to
base material, expressed as %C
– Higher carbon loads generally offer greater
resolution and longer run times.
– Low carbon loads shorten run times and
many show a different selectivity.

•Endcapping
– “Capping” of exposed silanols with short
hydrocarbon chains after the primary
bonding step
Protection of Siloxane Bonds With Bulky Alkyl Groups
Recommended starting conditions for RP-HPLC

Column: C18 or C8, endcapped


Particle Size: 3 - 5μm

Dimensions:
50-100 mm x 4.6 mm i.d  for simple samples (e.g. assays
of the main component)

100-150 mm x 3.0-4.6 mm i.d  for purity testing or


Component of complex samples

20-150mm x 2.0mm i.d  for LC/MS


Pemeliharaan kolom
• Kolom umumnya tahan 3-24 bulan atau 1000-3000
x injeksi tergantung jenis fase gerak dan sampel
• Tutup ujung kolom bila tidak dipakai
• Cuci kolom sebelum dan sesudah digunakan
• Gunakan guard column (jika bekerja dengan
sampel-sampel kotor)
• Untuk kolom silika, jangan bekerja di luar pH yang
diperbolehkan
• Hindari bekerja pada temperatur tinggi
HPLC Detectors

• To detect the separated analytes


An ideal Detector:
• UNIVERSAL (i.e. detects everything)
• SENSITIVE (i.e. detects a very small amount of analytes)
• LINEAR RESPONSE (i.e. linear relationship between
intensity of response and amount of analyte).
• give STRUCTURAL INFORMATION (i.e. tell you what the
analyte is, even if you didn’t know beforehand).
HPLC Detectors

• UV-Vis Detector
• Photodiode array Detector (PDA = DAD)
• Refractive Index Detector (RID)
• Fluorescence Detector (FLD)
• Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD)
• Electrochemical Detector (ECD)
• Conductivity Detector
• Radiometric Detector

Hyphenated Systems
• LC-MS; LC-MS/MS; LC-NMR
HPLC Detectors
• UV-Vis
– Good detection limits (0.1-1 ng; linear range 105)
– Can be used with gradient elution
– Requires chromophore
• Refractive Index
– Poor detection limits (100-1000 ng; linear range 102)
– Isocratic only
– Nearly universal detection
• Evaporative Light Scattering
– Good detection limits (0.1-1 ng; linear range 105);
– Non-linear calibration required
– Can be used with gradient elution
– Nearly universal detection
UV-Vis Detector
• Paling banyak digunakan
• Tersusun dari Lampu deuterium, monokromator dan flow
cell
• Monokromator terdiri dari grating atau prisma yang dapat
bergerak dan dapat memilih panjang gelombang spesifik
yang masuk melalui celah (slit)
• 190 – 600nm
• Ditambah lampu tungsten untuk meningkatkan
sensitivitas pada daerah visibel.
• Macam UV-Vis:
– Fixed wave length
– Variable wave length
– Multiple variable wave length
– Photo diode-array
UV-Vis Detector
Lamp Cut-off filter
Holmium oxide filter

Slit

Sample diode
Mirror 1

Grating

Flow cell

Mirror 2

Reference diode
UV-VIS Diode Array Detector
Memilih Panjang Gelombang
Detektor UV
Pemilihan
Panjang
Gelombang
(UV)

Pilihlah Panjang
gelombang yang
memberikan serapan
pada peak-peak ?
analit
Equipment

Your HPLC
Success

Service Support
Common HPLC Problems

• Problems are caused by component malfunction


(Pump, degasser, injector, data system, column)
• Faulty preparation of mobile phase or sample
preparation
• Problems can be categorized into several areas:
 Pressure problems
 Baseline problems
 Peak problems
 Data performance problems
Baseline Problems
Problems and possible
causes
Kasus
Kebocoran
a. Kondisi normal
b. Flow rate
menurun 
peak melebar,
tinggi peak
naik
c. Efek = B, tinggi
peak turun
d. Peak I lebih
ramping dan
pendek
Points to be considered for
maintenance

• Pump
– check a leak of plunger seal
– wash a behind plunger seal for buffer
• Injector
– wash an injection port after every injection
– select a suitable washing solvent
• Column
– do not keep a buffer solution
• Detector
– check a life time of lamp or electrode
Performance verification of HPLC
Module Performance General Frequenc
attributes Expectation y
Pump Flowrate accuracy ±2% 6 months
Gradient accuracy ±1% 6 months
Pressure test No leak 6 months

Injector Precision 1% RSD 6 months


Linearity r > 0.999 12 months
Carry over < 1% 6 months

Detector Wavelength accuracy ±2nm 6 months


Linearity of response r > 0.999 12 months
Noise and drift Noise: 10-5 AU 12 months
Drift: 10-4 AU/h

Column Temperature accuracy ±2% 6 months


compartment
Pemeliharaan kolom

• Kolom umumnya tahan 3-24 bulan atau 1000-3000 x


injeksi tergantung jenis fase gerak dan sampel
• Simpan kolom RP dalam pelarut ACN atau metanol atau
campuran air dan pelarut organik
• Tutup ujung kolom bila tidak dipakai
• Cuci kolom sebelum dan sesudah digunakan
• Gunakan guard column (jika bekerja dengan sampel-
sampel kotor)
• Untuk kolom silika, jangan bekerja di luar pH yang
diperbolehkan (pH 2.5 – 8). Kolom modern (pH 1.5-10)
• Jangan bekerja pada temperatur tinggi
Analisis Kualitatif

• Berdasarkan waktu retensi


– tR A = tR B  zat A mungkin sama dengan B
– tR A tidak sama dengan tR B  zat A tidak sama
dengan zat B
• Untuk sampel kompleks tR dipengaruhi banyak
faktor  gunakan waktu retensi relatif (RRT):
– tR analit dibandingkan tR komponen pembanding
dalam sampel
• Penambahan zat standar ke dalam sampel
• Data spektra dari PDA (match factor) atau MS
Quantitative Analysis

• Normalization method
• External standard method
• Internal standard method
• Standard addition method
Quantitation by Normalization Method

All the analytes present in the sample must elutes from


the column, with enough resolution and, furthermore
have to be detected by the available detector.

The peak area is proportional to the weight of the


analytes having passed through detector cell

The analytical signals lies within the linearity ranges

Thus,
mi = KiAi
Percentage in weight of each analyte
so % i = Ai /  Ai X 100
Quantitation by External Standard

This method is the most general method for determining the


concentration of an analyte in samples
It involves the construction of a calibration plot (Area or height
vs. Analyte concentrations) by using some concentrations
(minimum 3-4 concentrations) of external standard; the
concentration of the analyte can be determined by
“interpolation”. It is not recommended to do “extrapolation”.
Do not forget to test whether the HPLC system is still “OK” by using
“system suitable test”
External Standard Calibration
Calculation of Results

Y = aX + b
[Concentration]

a : SLOP
125 ppm b : Y intercept

2500
2500
[Peak Area]
Disadvantage of external
standard calibration method
• Injection error will directly influence the
quantitative result.

10 uL injection 11 uL injection

100 ppm 110 ppm


Advantage of internal
standard calibration method
• Injection error can be eliminated.

10 uL injection 11 uL injection
2200
2000 1100
1000 T
IS
IS T

2000 / 1000 = 2 2200 / 1100 = 2


Disadvantage of internal
standard calibration method
• Separation is slightly difficult.

IS T IS T

T
IS
Prof. Dr.rer.nat. H. Mochammad Yuwono, MS.
Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Airlangga
Jl. Dharmawangsa Dalam, Surabaya
Email: yuwono05@yahoo.com

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