October 30, 2017 Charlotte Pearce

Allard 4th period

Paper Pet Project

Honors Biology
Table 1: Gender Data

Generation Males Females

P 94 94
F1 22 25

Total Population Size = 235

 Table 2: Population Gene Pool Data

Males Females
Trait Pgen F1 Pgen F1
Carrier for 0 0 18 15
blindness
Blind 12 14 0 2
Triangle nose (nn) 53 8 48 7
• 1 individual with non-disjunction Chromosome 2 = Purple
Other “Novel” eyes (Ee e ) y B

• 1 individual with non-disjunction of ALL Chromosomes

Mutation(s) • Turner syndrome (XO)
• No eyes, no hair, no nose, no ears
Questions & Discussion
Use your experience from the project and the previous data
tables to answer and discuss the questions listed on the next
several slides.
Punnet Squares Page 1

Based on your Punnet squares,

what was the probability of you
and your partner having a baby
a tail with the co-dominant
phenotype?

0/4 = 0%

Based on your Punnet square,

what are the genotypic ratios
for your F1 generation hair color?

Hhb: 2/4 = 50%

hbhb: 2/4 = 50%
hyhy: 0/4 = 0%
Punnet Squares Page 2

What are the phenotypic

ratios for your F1 generation for
the dihybrid cross for eyes?

Purple, Square: 8/16 = 50%

1 blue/1yellow, Square: 8/16 =
50%

What are the genotypic ratios

for your F1 generation for the
dihybrid cross for eyes?

Eebss: 8/16 = 50%

ebeySs: 8/16 =50%
Law of Probability
 Define the law of probability
The Law of Probability expresses all
of the possible outcomes of a
situation and the probability that
they will occur.
 Use a trait from our pet
population to demonstrate how
probability works.
For example, in our pet project we
used a Punnet Square to determine
the probability of the children being
male or female. We took alleles
from both of the parents and
crossed them. The outcome was
that the child has a ¼ (50%)
chance of being male and a ¼
(50%) chance of being female. Probability And Chance. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.mathatube.com/probability.html
 Pet Karyotyping

 What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is the visual
appearance of the set of an
organisms chromosomes.
 Explain how/when you
demonstrated/created a
karyotype for your pet.
We created a karyotype for our
pet when we placed the
genes/chromosomes/homologous
pairs in the egg and sperm cells. Cytogenetics Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.pathology.washington.edu/galle
ries/cytogallery/main.php?file=human%20
karyotypes
Crossing Over
 Define crossing over
Crossing over is the exchange
of genes between homologous
chromosomes, resulting in a
mixture of parental
characteristics in offspring.
 Explain what you did during
this project that
demonstrated crossing over.
We crossed over the Crossing Over | BioNinja. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-
chromosomes when we were level/topic-3-genetics/33-
making our offspring paper meiosis/crossing-over.html
pet.
Meiosis
 Define meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division
that results in four daughter
cells each with half the
number of chromosomes of the
parent cell. This is the cell
division process for sex cells.
 Explain when/how you
demonstrated meiosis in this
project.
We demonstrated meiosis
when we cut the homologous
pairs up and cut each ThingLink. (n.d.). Meiosis by David
Feller by David.
chromosome in half. Retrieved from
https://www.thinglink.co
m/scene/500286777592
905730
Independent Assortment
 Define independent assortment
Independent assortment occurs
when different genes
independently separate from one
another when reproductive cells
develop.
 Explain when/how
independent assortment was
demonstrated in this project.
When we made our paper pet
offspring, each of our parent
genes went through independent
assortment to give one allele
each to the offspring. Inheritance | BioNinja. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/a
os-3-heredity/inheritance/
Refer to Tables 1 & 2 for the following
information.

 Using the WHOLE pet  Answer here

population, what is the
frequency of the allele q = .51
which causes blindness?  Answer here
 What type of inheritance X-linked recessive
pattern is exhibited by the
allele which causes
blindness in your pets?

Useful Images. (n.d.).

Retrieved from
http://bio198ro
chester.weebly
.com/useful-
images.html
Refer to Tables 1 and 2 for the following
information.
 Using the WHOLE pet population,  Answer here
calculate the following for nose
shape: q = .7
 Allelic frequencies
 Genotypic frequencies p = .3
 Phenotypic frequencies
 Answer here
NN = .09
Nn = .42
nn = .49
 Answer here
Triangle nose: 116/235 = .49
Round nose: 120/235 = .51
 Paper Pet Cladogram
Use the amino acid information on the next page to generate a paper
pet cladogram.
 The BAG Gene Amino Acid Sequence

Paper Paper
Brown grocery lunch
Paper bag bag
paper
bag
bag
Papyrus Paper
Parchment
Petbag

• Keep in mind, your pet is the “most” evolved

so it would be at the TOP of the cladogram!
• Refer to your molecular genetics
cladogram worksheet if you need an example!
Refer to Tables 1 and 2 for the following
information.

 Using the WHOLE pet population,  Answer here

calculate the frequency at which
spontaneous “novel” mutations occur. 2/235 = .0085
 As you have learned, mutations can drive Non disjunction chromosome 2 / purple eyes
microevolution, therefore the paper pets (Eeyeb)
will continue to evolve.

 What conditions would be required for the Non disjunction of all chromosomes
population to be in “equilibrium”?
 Answer here

o Population must be large

o Population must be isolated

o Mutations must not alter gene pool

o Mating must be random

o Organisms must have equal reproductive

success
Hardy-Weinberg Extended

The next section

of the project
refers to your
study of the Rock
Pocket Mouse
you have been
conducting in
your math class.
Use the spreadsheet to determine how the selection coefficient (s) influences
the phenotype of future generations. Substitute increasingly large numbers for s.

 Record each new value and describe what happens to the frequencies
of p and q over the next five generations.
Dominant gene
Evolutionary change due to selection
Selection coefficient: .5
1.0
Generation 1: p = .0149
0.9

q = .9851 0.8

Generation 2: p = .0220 0.7

q = .9780

Relative frequency
0.6

Generation 3: p = .0322 0.5

q = .9678 0.4

0.3
Generation 4: p = .0469
0.2
q = .9531
0.1
Generation 5: p = .0672
0.0
q = .9328 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Generations
Explain how the selection coefficient and
natural selection are related.

The selection coefficient is

usually a measure of the
extent to which natural
selection is acting to reduce
the relative contribution of a
given genotype to the next
generation.

Khan Academy. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/b
iology/her/evolution-and-natural-
selection/a/darwin-evolution-natural-
selection
In areas with primarily dark-colored substrate, dark-colored mice have a selective advantage over light-
colored mice. Therefore, mice with one or more copies of the dominant Mc1r D allele have a selective
advantage over mice with two copies of the Mc1r d allele. In the film, Dr. Sean Carroll says that with a 1%
selection advantage, it takes 1,000 years for 95% of the mice to have the dominant phenotype. With a 10%
selection advantage, it would take just 100 years. Use the spreadsheet to verify these facts.

 Find out how many generations following the first appearance of a dark-
colored mutation it would take for 95% of the mice to express the
dominant dark-colored phenotype, given a 1% advantage (s = 0.01).
Rock pocket mice have approximately one litter of pups a year, so the
number of generations will be equal to the number of years. You will not
be able to use the graph on the Main Page tab since it only goes up to
100 generations. So, you will need to look at column D of the worksheet
called Main Worksheet. Scroll down until the value is greater than 0.95.
 It would take about 936 generations.

 Repeat the process for a 10% advantage (s = 0.1).

 It would take about 100 generations.

 What would the selection coefficient need to be for 95% of the mice to
have the dominant phenotype in just 50 years? Record your answer
below.
 The coefficient would need to be about .22
Genetics Research
Based on YOUR LAST NAME, you will research a specific genetic disorder.
See the next slide for your specific disorder.
The information required for your research is outlined in the slides that follow.
You will need to cite your sources so keep track of them.
No plagiarism!
Any material that is copy and pasted word for word will not earn credit!

(Based on the first letter of your LAST name, you will research one of the
following genetic disorders)

• A-E Patau Syndrome • M-R Cri du chat Syndrome

• F-L Edward’s Syndrome • S-Z Fragile X Syndrome
Cri Du Chat Syndrome
Type of Genetic Disorder
This is a condition in which a
piece of chromosome 5 is
missing. The term is French for
Cat’s cry. The most common
immediate symptom is a cat
like cry in the infant. It
includes intellectual disability,
delayed development, and
certain physical
characteristics. Cri Du Chat
syndrome is a chromosomal
abnormality.
Inheritance
Only about 10% of Cri du chat cases are
inherited. Most happen due to a
random event during the formation of
reproductive cells or during early fetal
development. In those cases, there is
no family history of the syndrome. For
the 10% that are inherited, an
unaffected parent carries a
chromosomal rearrangement called a
balanced translocation. Balanced
translocations do not have any missing
genetic material and do not cause any
health problems. However, they can
become unbalanced when they are
passed to the next generation, causing
the missing genetic material.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome
Chromosome/genetics
graphic
This is a picture of the deleted
region of chromosome 5.
Loci
The deleted region is found in
the short arm of chromosome
5. Specifically, the break
usually occurs anywhere
between 5p15.2 to 5p13. The
loss of this specific gene,
CTNND2, is associated with the
most severe cases of
intellectual disability. It is
found near p15.2.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome
Symptoms of Disorder
 A cat like high pitched cry
 Intellectual disability and
delayed development
 Infancy characteristics: small
head size, low birth weight,
weak muscle tone
 Facial features: widely set
eyes, low set ears, a small
jaw, wide nasal bridge, and
a rounded face
Effects of Disorder
The effects of the disorder are
mental, physical, and behavioral.
There is usually some mental
retardation including speech and
learning problems and slow motor
skills. There can be behavioral
issues such as hyperactivity, violent
nature, and insecurity related
issues. For improving motor skills
and mental disabilities, physical
therapy, speech therapy, and
occupational therapy are methods
of treatment. Sometimes the cat
like cry can disappear by age 2.
 Cri Du Chat Syndrome

Diagnosis of Disorder Prognosis of Disorder

In order to diagnose Cri du chat, a doctor looks at the
patient’s medical history, symptoms, and physical
exam. Then a series of lab tests will be ordered. Most patients have a normal
The tests used to confirm diagnosis are the following: life expectancy. However,
there are some rare cases in
 Cytogenetics tests -
which there are serious
 FISH – metaphase organ defects which can be
 FISH – interphase life threatening. Most
patients will use physical
Molecular Genetics Tests –

therapy, speech therapy,
 Detection of homozygosity and occupational therapy
 Sequence analysis of the entire coding region as a course of treatment.
 Deletion / duplication analysis

 Targeted variant analysis

Cri Du Chat Syndrome

This is Nathan McClelland,

a young boy with Cri du
chat syndrome.
Citations for Genetics Research

 5p partial monosomy syndrome - Conditions - GTR - NCBI. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C0010314/

 Cri du chat syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS
Program. (2015, February 22). Retrieved from
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6213/cri-du-chat-syndrome

 Cri du Chat Syndrome. (2016, June 18). Retrieved from http://www.dovemed.com/diseases-

conditions/cri-du-chat-syndrome/

 Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome: Clinical Profile and Chromosomal Microarray Analysis in Six Patients.
(2016). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4838791/

 Genetics Home Reference. (n.d.). cri-du-chat syndrome. Retrieved from

https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cri-du-chat-syndrome#

 Mr. Lima's Wikiclass - Sick Genes Cri Du Chat. (n.d.). Retrieved November 3, 2017, from
https://mla-lima.wikispaces.com/Sick+Genes+Cri+Du+Chat

 Nathan McClelland - Five P Minus Society. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://fivepminus.org/family- story/nathan-mcclelland/