Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Network Access
Introduction to Networks
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Chapter 3: Objectives
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Chapter 3
3.1 Physical Layer Protocols
3.2 Network Media
3.3 Data Link Layer Protocols
3.4 Media Access Control
3.5 Summary
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
Getting it Connected
Connecting to the Network
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4
Getting it Connected
Connecting to the Network
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 5
Getting it Connected
Network Interface Cards
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6
Purpose of the Physical Layer
The Physical Layer
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7
Purpose of the Physical Layer
Physical Layer Media
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8
Purpose of the Physical Layer
Physical Layer Standards
Standard
Networking Standards
organization
• ISO 8877: Officially adopted the RJ connectors (e.g., RJ-11, RJ-45)
ISO • ISO 11801: Network cabling standard similar to EIA/TIA 568.
• 802.3: Ethernet
IEEE • 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
• 802.15: Bluetooth
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9
Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Physical Layer Fundamental Principles
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10
Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Bandwidth
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Throughput
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12
Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Types of Physical Media
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
Network Media
Copper Cabling
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14
Copper Cabling
Characteristics of Copper Media
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15
Copper Cabling
Copper Media
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable
Coaxial cable
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16
Copper Cabling
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17
Copper Cabling
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable
Foil Shields
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18
Copper Cabling
Coaxial Cable
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19
Copper Cabling
Cooper Media Safety
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20
UTP Cabling
Properties of UTP Cabling
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21
UTP Cabling
UTP Cabling Standards
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22
UTP Cabling
UTP Connectors
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
UTP Cabling
Types of UTP Cable
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24
UTP Cabling
Testing UTP Cables
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
Fiber Optic Cabling
Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26
Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber Media Cable Design
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
Fiber Optic Cabling
Types of Fiber Media
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28
Fiber Optic Cabling
Network Fiber Connectors
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29
Fiber Optic Cabling
Testing Fiber Cables
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber versus Copper
Implementation issues Copper media Fibre-optic
High
Immunity to EMI and RFI Low
(Completely immune)
High
Immunity to electrical hazards Low
(Completely immune)
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
Wireless Media
Properties of Wireless Media
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
Wireless Media
Types of Wireless Media
• IEEE 802.11 standards
• Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi.
• Uses CSMA/CA
• Variations include:
• 802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz
• 802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
• 802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
• 802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and 5 GHz
• 802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz
• 802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33
Wireless Media
Wireless LAN
Maximum Backwards
Standard Frequency
Speed compatible
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35
Purpose of the Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Data Link Sublayers
Network
LLC Sublayer
Data Link
MAC Sublayer
Bluetooth
Ethernet
802.15
802.11
Wi-Fi
802.3
Physical
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Media Access Control
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Providing Access to Media
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 39
Data Link Layer
Layer 2 Frame Structure
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 40
Layer 2 Frame Structure
Creating a Frame
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 41
Data Link Layer
Layer 2 Standards
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 42
Layer 2 Standards
Data Link Layer Standards
Standard
Networking Standards
organization
• G.992: ADSL
• G.8100 - G.8199: MPLS over Transport aspects
ITU-T • Q.921: ISDN
• Q.922: Frame Relay
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
Topologies
Controlling Access to the Media
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 44
Topologies
Physical and Logical Topologies
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 45
WAN Topologies
Common Physical WAN Topologies
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 46
WAN Topologies
Physical Point-to-Point Topology
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 47
WAN Topologies
Logical Point-to-Point Topology
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 48
WAN Topologies
Half and Full Duplex
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 49
LAN Topologies
Physical LAN Topologies
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 50
LAN Topologies
Logical Topology for Shared Media
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 51
LAN Topologies
Contention-Based Access
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 52
LAN Topologies
Multi-Access Topology
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 53
LAN Topologies
Controlled Access
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 54
LAN Topologies
Ring Topology
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 55
Data Link Frame
The Frame
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 56
Data Link Frame
The Header
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 57
Data Link Frame
Layer 2 Address
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 58
Data Link Frame
The Trailer
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 59
Data Link Frame
LAN and WAN Frames
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 60
Data Link Frame
Ethernet Frame
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 61
Data Link Frame
Point-to-Point Protocol Frame
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 62
Data Link Frame
802.11 Wireless Frame
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 63
Network Access
Summary
• Physical Layer Protocols
• Network Media
• Data Link Layer Protocols
• Media Access Control
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 64
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 65