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A scalar quantity:
s = 20 m B
Contains magnitude
only and consists of a
A
number and a unit.
(20 m, 40 mi/h, 10 gal)
Displacement—A Vector Quantity
• Displacement is the straight-line
separation of two points in a specified
direction.
A vector quantity:
D = 12 m, 20o B
Contains magnitude
A AND direction, a
q number, unit & angle.
(12 m, 300; 8 km/h, N)
More about Vectors
• A vector is represented on paper by an
arrow
1. the length represents magnitude
2. the arrow faces the direction of
motion
3-2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
What
factor is
affecting
their
velocity?
A B C
Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
If the motion is in two dimensions, the situation is
somewhat more complicated.
Here, the actual travel paths are at right angles to
one another; we can find the displacement by
using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Perpendicular Vectors
When 2 vectors are perpendicular, you may use the
Pythagorean theorem.
A man walks 95 km, East
then 55 km, north.
Calculate his
RESULTANT
DISPLACEMENT.
55 km, N
c2 a 2 b2 c a 2 b2
c Resultant 952 552
95 km,E
c 12050 109.8 km
Example
A bear, searching for food wanders 35 meters east then 20 meters north.
Frustrated, he wanders another 12 meters west then 6 meters south. Calculate
the bear's displacement.
23 m, E
+ =
12 m, W + =
14 m, N
6 m, S R 14 2 232 26.93m
20 m, N 14
Tanq .6087
23
14 m, N q Tan 1 (0.6087) 31.3
35 m, E R
q
26.93m31.3
23 m, E
26.93m,31.3
The Final Answer:
Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods
Even if the vectors are not at right
angles, they can be added graphically by
using the tail-to-tip method.
To add vectors, we put the initial point of the second
vector on the terminal point of the first vector. The
resultant vector has an initial point at the initial point
of the first vector and a terminal point at the terminal
point of the second vector (see below--better shown
than put in words).
Terminal
point of w
vw
w w
Initial point of v
v Move w over keeping
the magnitude and
direction the same.
A number multiplied in front of a vector is called a scalar. It
means to take the vector and add together that many times.
3v v
v
v
The negative of a vector is just a vector going the opposite
way.
v
v
Using the vectors shown,
v find the following:
w
u uv u
v
3w
w
w
w
uv
2u 3w v v u
v
u w
w
u w
3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Remember:
soh
cah
toa
Adding vectors:
1. Draw a diagram; add the vectors graphically.
2. Choose x and y axes.
3. Resolve each vector into x and y components.
4. Calculate each component using sines and cosines.
5. Add the components in each direction.
6. To find the length and direction of the vector, use:
and .
Analytical Method
• Polar Form of Vectors
• 𝐴റ = 𝐴 , 𝜃𝐴
– 𝐴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴റ
– 𝜃𝐴 = 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴റ
• Example
– 𝐴റ = 10 𝑘𝑚, 450
– 𝐴 = 10 𝑘𝑚
– 𝜃𝐴 = 450
Caution
• Addition of vectors in polar form cannot be
done algebraically
Ex. A = 5 km, 45 deg
B = 4 km, 135 deg
C = 3 km, 270 deg
R = 12 km, 450 deg
7.07 𝑘𝑚
10 𝑘𝑚
7.07 𝑘𝑚
𝐵 = 20 𝑘𝑚, 1200
𝐵 = 20 𝑘𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠(120)𝑥ො + 20𝑘𝑚 sin 120 𝑦ො
𝐵 = −10 𝑘𝑚 𝑥ො + 17.32 𝑘𝑚 ෝ𝑦
20 𝑘𝑚
17.32 𝑘𝑚
−10 𝑘𝑚
• 𝐴റ = 7.07 𝑘𝑚 𝑥ො + 7.07 𝑘𝑚 ෝ𝑦
• 𝐵 = −10 𝑘𝑚 𝑥ො + 17.32 𝑘𝑚 ෝ𝑦
• R = -2.93 km x + 24.39 km y
17.32 𝑘𝑚
−10 𝑘𝑚
7.07 𝑘𝑚
7.07 𝑘𝑚
Graphical Representation of the
Analytical Method
• 𝐴റ = 12 km, 30 deg
• 𝐵 = 6 km, 60 deg 𝐵
• 𝐴റ + 𝐵 = 𝐶റ
𝐴റ
𝐵 𝐵𝑦
𝑐𝑦 = 𝑎𝑦 +𝑏𝑦
𝐴റ 𝐵𝑥
𝑐റ
𝐴𝑦
𝐴𝑥
𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥
3-4 Adding Vectors by
Components
Component Method
x y
x y
D1 620km, 0 deg 620km 0km
D2 440km, 315 deg 311km -311 km
D3 550 km, 233 deg -331 km -439 km
R 600 km -750 km
Adding vectors:
𝑅= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
–x +x
+y Q1 +y
Q2
Direction:
–x Q3 Q4
+x
–y
1. Resolve what quadrant –y
is the vector pointing at?
𝒚
2. Get the Reference Angle 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙
3. if Quadrant 1 𝜽 = 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
Quadrant 2 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
Quadrant 3 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
Quadrant 4 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
From Component to Polar
600 𝑘𝑚
−750 𝑘𝑚
Scaling Vectors
3𝐷1 + 2𝐷2 + 4𝐷3 = 𝐻
x y
3*D1 = 1860 km, 0 deg
2*D2 = 880 km, 315 deg
4*D3 = 2200 km, 233 deg