CORRESPONDENCE

ANALYSIS
Rianti Setiadi

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CORRESPONDENCE displays the relationships
between rows and columns of a two-way table
graphically by a biplot.

It computes the row and column scores and

statistics and produces plots based on the scores.

A correspondence table is any two-way table whose

cells contain some measurement of correspondence
between the rows and the columns. The measure of
correspondence can be any indication of the
similary
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MULTIPLE CORRESPONDENCE quantifies nominal
(categorical) data by assigning numerical values to the
cases (objects) and categories, such that in the low-
dimensional representation of the data, objects within
the same category are close together and objects in
different categories are far apart.

The goal of correspondence analysis is to make biplots

for correspondence tables. In a correspondence table,
the row and column variables are assumed to
represent unordered categories

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Multiple correspondence analysis can be thought of as
the analysis of a multiway contingency table.

Multiway contingency tables can also be analyzed with

the Crosstabs procedure, but Crosstabs gives separate
summary statistics for each category of each control
variable.

Multiple Correspondence Analysis tries to produce a

solution in which objects within the same category are
plotted close together and objects in different
categories are plotted far apart.

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With multiple correspondence analysis, it is
often possible to summarize the relationship
between all of the variables with a single two-
dimensional plot.

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Suppose we have two catagoric variables : variabel 1
with I catagories and variable 2 with J catagories
𝑛ij is the frequencies in cell (i,j)

The Contingency Table is described below:

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CONTINGENCY TABLE
VAR. 𝐼𝐼
𝑗
VAR. 𝐼 1 2 3 ⋯ 𝐽 TOTAL
𝑖

1 𝑥11 𝑥12 𝑥13 ⋯ 𝑥1𝐽 𝑥1.

2 𝑥21 𝑥22 𝑥23 ⋯ 𝑥2𝐽 𝑥2.
3 𝑥31 𝑥32 𝑥33 ⋯ 𝑥3𝐽 𝑥3.
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮ ⋮
𝐼 𝑥𝐼1 𝑥𝐼2 𝑥𝐼3 ⋯ 𝑥𝐼𝐽 𝑥𝐼.
TOTAL 𝑥.1 𝑥.2 𝑥.3 ⋯ 𝑥.𝐽 N

𝑥𝑖𝑗 : 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑖, 𝑗

𝐽
𝑥𝑖. = σ𝑗=1 𝑥𝑖𝑗 dan 𝑥.𝑗 = σ𝐼𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖𝑗
𝐽 𝐼

෍ ෍ 𝑥𝑖𝑗 = 𝑁
𝑗=1 𝑖=1 7
From the contingency table we will look for row profiles
and column profiles.

The row profile is the relative position of each category

in the variable to the row of the contingency table.

The column profile is the relative position of each

category in the variable to the columns in the
contingency table.

Raw profiles and column profiles will be projected into

two-dimensional Euclidian spaces.

Coordinates of the category are searched by

mathematical methods. 8
Correspondence analysis of a two-way contingency table can be
expanded into three or more directions.

Through the method of multiple correspondence analysis, we

obtain a two-dimensional view corresponding to a multi-
directional contingency table. (Rencher, 2012).

In multiple correspondence analysis, categorical variables and

their categories are brought into the form of a matrix.

The matrix is ​denoted as G.

The elements of G are 1 and 0. The element is 1 if the sample
represents a certain category and is zero if it is not

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 EXAMPLE
Variables Categories
Gender Male, female
Education SD, SMP, SMA, S1, S2, >S2

Frequencies reading seldom, sometimes, often

Benefit pleasure, getting knowledge

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 Data
No Gender Education Frequency Benefit

1 Wanita SMA seldom pleasure

2 man S2 often getting
knowledge
3 man S1 often getting
knowledge
4 man S1 often getting
knowledge
5 Wanita S1 often getting
knowledge
6 man SMA sometimes pleasure
7 Wanita SMA seldom pleasure
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 Indicator Matrix
Repond Gender Education Frequencies Benefit
en
Wom ma SD SMP SMA S1 S2 >S2 seldom somet ofte pleasu getting
an n imes n re knowledge

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
7 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

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 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
𝐆= 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

From the modification based

on matrix G can be found
coordinates of each category
of research variables

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EXAMPLE

OPEN AWARD data

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Age and Award is not independent

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The person who will accept the
award is aged 18– 30 years

The person denied receiving the

award is aged> 60 years

The person in the waiting list to

receive the award is aged 46-60
years
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AWARD AND
INCOME

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AWARD AND INCOME IS NOT INDEPENDENT

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The person who gets the award is
the person who has the income
smaller than $ 45, -

People who are waiting list are

people who have income
$ 46 - $ 100

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 THE CORRESPONDENCE
BETWEEN AWARD WITH
AGE, EDUCATION AND INCOME

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The person receiving the
award is the person whose
education is college degree
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