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FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
Fig. 5.2b
Section B: Carbohydrates -
Fuel and Building Material
Fig. 5.4
Fig. 5.5a
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• While often drawn as a linear skeleton, in aqueous
solutions monosaccharides form rings.
Fig. 5.5
Fig. 5.6a
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Plants store starch within plastids, including
chloroplasts.
• Plants can store surplus glucose in starch and
withdraw it when needed for energy or carbon.
• Animals that feed on plants, especially parts rich in
starch, can also access this starch to support their
own metabolism.
Fig. 5.7a
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Starch is a polysaccharide of alpha glucose
monomers.
Fig. 5.7
Fig. 5.7c
Fig. 5.10a
Fig. 5.10b
Fig. 5.11a
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• If there are one or more carbon-carbon double bonds,
then the molecule is an unsaturated fatty acid - formed
by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon
skeleton.
• Saturated fatty acids
are straight chains,
but unsaturated fatty
acids have a kink
wherever there is
a double bond.
Fig. 5.11b
Fig. 5.12
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble
into aggregates with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the
center and the hydrophilic heads on the outside.
• This type of structure is called a micelle.
Fig. 5.13a
Fig. 5.12b
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. Steroids include cholesterol and certain
hormones
• Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting
of four fused carbon rings.
• Different steroids are created by varying functional groups
attached to the rings.
Fig. 5.14
Fig. 5.15a
Fig. 5.15b
Fig. 5.15c
Fig. 5.16
Fig. 5.17
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A protein’s specific conformation determines its
function.
• In almost every case, the function depends on its
ability to recognize and bind to some other
molecule.
• For example, antibodies bind to particular foreign
substances that fit their binding sites.
• Enzymes recognize and bind to specific substrates,
facilitating a chemical reaction.
• Neurotransmitters pass signals from one cell to another
by binding to receptor sites on proteins in the membrane
of the receiving cell.
Fig. 5.18
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Even a slight change in primary structure can
affect a protein’s conformation and ability to
function.
• In individuals with sickle cell disease, abnormal
hemoglobins, oxygen-carrying proteins, develop
because of a single amino acid substitution.
• These abnormal hemoglobins crystallize, deforming the
red blood cells and leading to clogs in tiny blood
vessels.
Fig. 5.19
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The secondary structure of a protein results from
hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the
polypeptide backbone.
• Typical shapes
that develop from
secondary structure
are coils (an alpha
helix) or folds
(beta pleated
sheets).
Fig. 5.20
Fig. 5.21
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Tertiary structure is determined by a variety of
interactions among R groups and between R groups
and the polypeptide backbone.
• These interactions
include hydrogen
bonds among polar
and/or charged
areas, ionic bonds
between charged
R groups, and
hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions among
hydrophobic R groups.
Fig. 5.22
Fig. 5.22
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Quarternary structure results from the aggregation
of two or more polypeptide subunits.
• Collagen is a fibrous protein of three polypeptides that
are supercoiled like a rope.
• This provides the structural strength for their role in
connective tissue.
• Hemoglobin is a
globular protein
with two copies
of two kinds
of polypeptides.
Fig. 5.23
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 5.24
Fig. 5.26
Fig. 5.28
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. A nucleic acid strand is a polymer of
nucleotides
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
nucleotides.
• Each nucleotide consists of three parts: a nitrogen
base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
Fig. 5.30