 it means making a copy, a likeness, and

thereby providing for the continued

existence of species.
 Reproduction (or procreation or breedin
g) is the biological process by which new
individual organisms – "offspring" – are
produced from their "parents".
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
 Autogamy- An individual that can
undergo autogamy can fertilize
itself.
 EXAMPLE: earthworms.
 In
allogamy, the female
gamete (usually called an
egg or ovum) comes from one
individual and the male
gamete (usually called the
sperm) comes from a different
individual.
 Internal fertilization is when the
male gamete and the female
gamete fuse to undergo
fertilization while the ovum is
still inside of the female.
 Just as the name implies,
external fertilization is when
the male gamete and female
gamete fuse outside of the
body.
 All plants have a life cycle that consists of
two distinct forms that differ in size and the
number of chromosomes per cell. In
flowering plants, the
 A hibiscus flower, showing anthers, five
stigmas, and pollen.
 large, familiar form that consists of roots,
shoots, leaves, and reproductive structures
(flowers and fruit) is diploid and is called the
sporophyte
 Reproduction (or procreation) is the
biological process by which new “offspring”
(individual organisms) are produced from
their “parents. ” It is a fundamental feature
of all known life that each individual
organism exists as the result of reproduction.
Most importantly, reproduction is necessary
for the survival of a species. The known
methods of reproduction are broadly
grouped into two main types: sexual and
asexual.
 Fission-Fission, also called
binary fission, occurs in
prokaryotic microorganisms
and in some invertebrate,
multi-celled organisms. After a
period of growth, an organism
splits into two separate
organisms.
Fission: Coral polyps reproduce asexually by fission, where an organism
splits into two separate organisms.
 Budding is a form of asexual
reproduction that results from the
outgrowth of a part of a cell or
body region leading to a
separation from the original
organism into two individuals.
Budding: Hydra reproduce asexually through budding, where a
bud forms that develops into an adult and breaks away from the
main body.
 Fragmentation is the breaking of the
body into two parts with subsequent
regeneration. If the animal is capable of
fragmentation, and the part is big
enough, a separate individual will
regrow.
Fragmentation: Sea stars can reproduce through fragmentation.
The large arm, a fragment from another sea star, is developing
into a new individual.
 Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual
reproduction where an egg develops
into a complete individual without being
fertilized. The resulting offspring can be
either haploid or diploid, depending on
the process and the species
 Plant reproduction is the production of new
individuals or offspring in plants, which can be
accomplished by sexual
or asexual reproduction. Sexual
reproduction produces offspring by the fusion
of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically
different from the parent or parents. Asexual
reproduction produces new individuals without
the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to
the parent plants and each other, except
when mutations occur. In seed plants, the
offspring can be packaged in a
protective seed, which is used as an agent of
dispersal.
 Animal reproductive system, any of the organ systems by

which animals reproduce.

 The role of reproduction is to provide for the continued

existence of a species; it is the process by which living

organisms duplicate themselves. Animals compete with other

individuals in the environment to maintain themselves for a

period of time sufficient to enable them to produce tissue

nonessential to their own survival, but indispensable to the

maintenance of the species. The additional tissue,

reproductive tissue, usually becomes separated from the

individual to form a new, independent organism.