FISIOLOGI SEL

Sa’idatul Fithriyah, dr.

FK UMS

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Molecular level to organism level

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 Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in an organism

 All living organisms are made up of one or more cells

 Cells arise from the replication of preexisting cells
 Smallest units that perform physiological function
 Maintain homeostasis at cellular level

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Tiga bagian utama sel

1. Membran plasma
 Permukaan luar sel (pemisah lingkungan dlm dg
lingkungan luar sel)
 Merup barier selektif yg mengatur keluar masuk materials
 homeostasis sel
 Berperan dlm komunikasi antar sel & antara sel dg
lingkungan luar
2. Sitoplasma
 Semua isi sel antara membran plasma & nukleus
 T.d. 2 komponen, yi: sitosol & organel
 Sitosol  air, zat terlarut, partikel tersuspensi
 Organel  organ kecil dg bentuk & fungsi spesifik
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  Yg tms organel: RE, ribosom, kompleks golgi,
mitokondria, lisosom, dll
3. Nukleus
 Organel besar , tempat penyimpanan DNA
 Kromosom  1 molekul DNA, berikatan dg bbrp protein
yg mengandung ribuan unit herediter (gen)  mengatur
struktur & fungsi sel

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Membran Plasma

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 Struktur membran plasma:
1. lipid bilayer
 Fosfolipid (75%), kolesterol (20%), glikolipid (5%).
 Tersusun amfipatik (pny bag polar & non polar)
 Fosfolipid  kepala: fosfat (hidrofilik), ekor: asam
lemak (hidrofobik)
2. Protein membran
 Protein integral (transmembran)
 Protein perifer
 Glikoprotein

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Sitoplasma

 Sitosol
 55% dari volume sel total
 T.d.: 75-90% air + komponen terlarut & tersuspensi
 Tempat terjadinya reaksi kimia yg diperlukan utk
kehidupan sel.
 Contoh: glikolisis

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Sitoplasma (con’t)
 Organella
 Sitoskeleton

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 3 tipe sitoskeleton (network antar protein filamen):
1. Mikrofilament
 T.d. protein actin, fungsi: pergerakan sel & struktural
2. Filamen intermediet
 Fungsi: stres mekanik, stabilisasi posisi organel,
perlekatan antar sel
3. Mikrotubuli
 Tumbuh dr centrosome mnj perifer
 Fungsi: pergerakan organela

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Sitoplasma (con’t)
 Centrosome

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 Terletak dekat nukleus
 T.d. sepasang sentriol & perisentriol material

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Sitoplasma (con’t)
 Cilia & Flagella

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Sitoplasma (con’t)

 Ribosom

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 Ribosom ada yang bebas dan terikat;
berbeda pada jenis protein yang mereka
bantu sintesisnya. Ribosom bebas  sintesis
protein untuk kepentingan di sitosol.

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Sitoplasma (con’t)
 Retikulum endoplasma

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 Ada 2 jenis : halus dan kasar (mgd ribosom :
kompleks protein-RNA khusus yang
mesintesis protein dibawah pengarahan DNA
nucleus).
 RE (ribosom)  mensintesis dan melepaskan
berbagai protein, 1. diekspor; 2. kepentingan
sel.

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Sitoplasma (con’t)

 Kompleks golgi

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 Bahan mentah/protein dari RE  kompleks
golgi  produk akhir.
 Jalur di kompleks golgi
terperinci,kompleks,telah diprogam secara
cermat,dan spesifik untuk tiap-tiap produk akhir.
 Produk akhir di sortir dan diarahkan ke tujuan
 Vesikel terselubung (intrasel).
 Vesikel sekretorik.

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Sitoplasma (con’t)

 Lisosom

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Sitoplasma (con’t)

 Peroksisom

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Sitoplasma (con’t)

 Proteasome

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Sitoplasma (con’t)

 Mitokondria

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 Fungsi: membentuk ATP dr reaksi respirasi
aerobik sel
 Anaerobik
 glukosa glikolisis asam piruvat tanpa O2 asam laktat
 Aerobik 2 ATP

 glukosa glikolisis asam piruvat ada O2 siklus krebs/TE

2 ATP

 Hasil  34 ATP + CO2 dan H2O (dalam mitokondria).

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Nukleus

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 Nukleus
1. Terbungkus membran berlapis ganda, terdapat materi
genetik (deoxyribonucleic acid/DNA)
2. Fungsi nukleus:
a. mengatur bentuk & aktivitas sel
b. memproduksi ribosom dlm nukleoli
3. Fungsi DNA:
a. kode/instruksi penentu jml dan jenis protein dan
enzim
b. cetak biru genetik

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 Cell Parts and Their Functions
PART DESCRIPTION
PLASMA MEMBRANE Fluid-mosaic lipid bilayer
(phospholipids, cholesterol, and
glycolipids) studded with
proteins; surrounds cytoplasm.
CYTOPLASM Cellular contents between the
plasma membrane and
nucleus—cytosol and
organelles.
 Cytosol Composed of water, solutes,
suspended particles, lipid
droplets, and glycogen
granules.
 Organelles Specialized structures with
characteristic shapes.
FUNCTIONS
Protects cellular contents; makes
contact with other cells; contains
channels, transporters, receptors,
enzymes, cell-identity markers,
and linker proteins; mediates the
entry and exit of substances.
Site of all intracellular activities
except those occurring in the
nucleus.
Medium in which many of cell’s
metabolic reactions occur.
Each organelle has specific
functions.
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 PART DESCRIPTION
CYTOPLASM (con’t)
 Organelles
o Cytoskeleton Network of three types of
protein filaments:
microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and microtubules.
o Centrosome A pair of centrioles plus
pericentriolar material.
o Cilia and flagella Motile cell surface projections
that contain 20 microtubules
and a basal body.
o Ribosome Composed of two subunits
containing ribosomal RNA and
proteins; may be free in cytosol
or attached to rough ER.
FUNCTIONS
Maintains shape and general
organization of cellular contents;
responsible for cellular movements.
The pericentriolar material contains
tubulins, which are used for growth
of the mitotic spindle and
microtubule formation.
Cilia move fluids over a cell’s surface;
flagella move an entire cell.
Protein synthesis.
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 PART DESCRIPTION
CYTOPLASM (con’t)
 Organelles
o Endoplasmic Membranous network of
reticulum (ER) flattened sacs or tubules.
Rough ER is covered by
ribosomes and is attached to
the nuclear envelope;
smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
o Golgi complex Consists of 3–20 flattened
membranous sacs called
cisternae; structurally and
functionally divided into
entry (cis) face, medial
cisternae, and exit (trans)
face.
FUNCTIONS
Rough ER synthesizes glycoproteins
and phospholipids that are transferred
to cellular organelles, inserted into the
plasma membrane, or secreted during
exocytosis. Smooth ER synthesizes
fatty acids and steroids; inactivates or
detoxifies drugs; removes the
phosphate group from glucose-6-
phosphate; and stores and releases
calcium ions in muscle cells.
Entry (cis) face accepts proteins from
rough ER; medial cisternae form
glycoproteins, glycolipids, and
lipoproteins; exit (trans) face modifies
the molecules further, then sorts
and packages them for transport to
their destinations.
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 PART DESCRIPTION
CYTOPLASM (con’t)
 Organelles
o Lysosome Vesicle formed from Golgi
complex; contains digestive
enzymes.
o Peroxisome Vesicle containing oxidases
(oxidative enzymes) and
catalase (decomposes
hydrogen peroxide); new
peroxisomes bud from
preexisting ones.
o Proteasome Tiny barrel-shaped structure
that contains proteases
(proteolytic enzymes).
FUNCTIONS
Fuses with and digests contents of
endosomes, pinocytic vesicles, and
phagosomes and transports final
products of digestion into cytosol;
digests worn-out organelles
(autophagy), entire cells (autolysis),
and extracellular materials.
Oxidizes amino acids and fatty acids;
detoxifies harmful substances, such as
alcohol; produces hydrogen peroxide.
Degrades unneeded, damaged, or
faulty proteins by cutting them into
small peptides.
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 PART DESCRIPTION
CYTOPLASM (con’t)
 Organelles
o Mitochondrion Consists of an outer and an
inner mitochondrial
membrane, cristae, and
matrix; new mitochondria
form from preexisting ones.
NUCLEUS Consists of a nuclear
envelope with pores, nucleoli,
and chromosomes, which
exist as a tangled mass of
chromatin in interphase cells.
FUNCTIONS
Site of aerobic cellular respiration
reactions that produce most of a
cell’s ATP.
Nuclear pores control the movement
of substances between the nucleus
and cytoplasm, nucleoli produce
ribosomes, and chromosomes
consist of genes that control cellular
structure and direct cellular
functions.
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