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LECTURE 1
Course summary and Introduction
EAFIT, 2016
Resumen
4 Foundation types, Deep
Functions
Shaft
Tips
5 Functions
- Circular
- Square
-H
- Octagonal
- Tubular
8 Piles types
SIZE:
- 200 mm < Pile diameter < 600 mm: Small size piles
- Vertical piles
Displacement
Hydraulic hammer
14 Piles types
Non-Displacement (soil replacement, partially or totally)
W
22 Piles types
Ultimate capacity single piles
Whole pile From equilibrium at the moment of failure
Qu + W = Qb + Qs (1)
Where
W = weight of pile
Qu = ultimate capacity
23 Piles types
Ultimate capacity single piles in clay
Where
Therefore
Qs = As*τs (3)
Where
τs = α * Su(shaft) (5)
Where
Where
Note: For the whole pile use τs, the average shaft
friction along the pile, instead of τs, the shaft
friction at a given depth.
31 Piles types
Shaft friction in terms of effective stresses
τs = ks*σ’v*tan δ’ (7)
Alternatively,
δ’= φ’cv, the friction angle of the soil, at constant volume, (no
dilation), between the peak angle and the residual angle of the
soil (usually 2 to 3 degrees below the peak friction angle of the
soil).
36 Piles types
Qs = ΣQsi (14)
Where
Qs is the total shaft resistance
Qsi is the shaft resistance corresponding to the soil
layer i along the pile.
Uniaxial structural deformation + soil settlement due to load applied at the tip +
soil settlement due to load acting along the pile shaft
39 Pile settlement
Settlements:
Where
Qdb = Design load supplied by the Tip (ultimate capacity provided by the tip/FS)
FS= Factor of Safety used
α = Coefficient related to the shaft friction (usually between 0.5 and 0.7)
Qds = Design load supplied by the shaft (ultimate shaft capacity/FS)
L = Pile length
Le = Length of pile embedded in the ground, it can be shorter than total pile length
A = cross sectional area of the pile
E= modulus of elasticity of the pile
Kb = Empirical coefficient (see table)
Qb = ultimate capacity provided by the tip
D = Pile diameter or pile width
Ks = Coefficient = [0.93+0.16*(Le/D)^0.5]*kb
40 Pile settlement
Note:
Time dependent settlements are significant for piles with enlarged bases,
Group of piles among others.
Numerical methods can be used always for analysis of both capacities and
Settlements in single piles or group of piles.
42 Pile groups
43 Pile groups
Some definitions are important in pile groups:
The spacing factor: The distance, centre to centre, between piles divided
by the width of the piles (normally no less than 2).
The efficiency: The average load per pile when failure group occurs divided
by the load at failure of a comparable single pile.
The settlement ratio: The settlement of the group divided by the settlement
of a single pile carrying the same average load.
44 Pile groups
- Block failure: The soil contained within the pile group moves
down with the piles as a block. Similar to a width earth material column
or large equivalent pile.
45 Pile groups
46 Pile groups
B
47 Pile groups
For cohesionless soils
Qb = Ab*[Nq* σ’v + 0.5*γ*B*N γ ] (2)
Where
Nq and N γ are related to the
friction angle, φ’(From graphics,
tables, geotechnical manual)
σ’v is the vertical effective stress
at the bottom
B is the width of the block
γ is the unit weight of soil
48 Pile groups
Note that in sands, the axial capacity of pile groups calculated
with the preceding method, could be more than the sum of the
Individual capacity of the single piles (efficiency larger than 1).
In that case the capacity of the pile groups can be taken as the sum
of the individual capacity of the single piles (efficiency equal to 1).
That is not usually the case for clays.
49 Pile groups
For clays
Qu = Ab*Sc*dc*Nc*Su(base) +As*Su (4)
Where
Qu = Ultimate load of the group (block failure, which is
unlikely to occur for spacing factors > 3)
Ab = Area of the base of the pile group as a block
Sc, dc = Shape and depth correction factors
Nc = is the undrained bearing capacity factor for surface strip
Su(base) is the undrained strength beneath the base
As is the side surface area of the pile group as a block
Su is the average undrained strength over the depth
Example: