Transient Response Analysis

Prerequisites
• Once we obtain the mathematical model of the
system, it is easier to analyze it using different
available methods.
• For analysis we must have the responses of the
system to different (types of) input signals.
• Typical test signals are step, ramp, parabolic, impulse,
acceleration, sinusoidal, etc.
• The response of the system may be divided into two
fragments : 1)transient and 2) steady state responses.
 Stability of a system
• Stability of a system is an important characteristic of
any system. An LTI system is said to be stable if it
satisfies the following conditions:
1) For a bounded input signal ,the system produces a
bounded output (BIBO)
2) For 0 (zero) input , the system output is zero.
 Standard inputs to the system, characteristics and
representation
Input signal r(t) Laplace transform Related static error
R(s) coefficient
Step input (position) 1) Magnitude=R R/s Kp :positional error
constant
2) Magnitude=1 1/s

Ramp input (velocity) 1) Slope= R R/s2 Kv :velocity error

constant
2) Slope=1 1/s2

Parabolic input 1) Magnitude=R R/s3 Ka :acceleration

(acceleration) error constant
2) Magnitude=1 1/s3

Impulse input Momentary shock 1

The time response of a system may be considered in two
parts:
• Transient response: this part reduces to zero as t →∞,
since it is the response that goes from initial state to
final state
• Steady-state response: response of the system as t
→∞ ,since it is the response after the transient
response dies out i.e. @t=infinity.
Response plot
A unit step response of second order system
Definitions of transient response specifications:
• Delay time: Td :It is the time required for the response
to reach the half (50%)of the final value the very first
time.
• Rise time: Tr: It is the time required for the response
to reach 10-90% % ( normally used for over damped
sys.),5-95% or 0-100% ( normally used for under
damped sys.)half (50%)of its final value.
• Peak time: Tp:It is the time required for the response
to reach the first peak of the overshoot.
Definitions of transient response specifications:
Definitions of transient response specifications:
 Second order system
WKT a certain time is required for the system to
reach steady state value, during which the
system oscillates or its response increases
exponentially.
Every system has a tendency to oppose any
oscillatory behavior which is called damping
which controls the closed loop poles of a sys.
and closed loop poles of a sys.
This means that damping controls the response
of the system.
• Damping Ratio: The damping is measured by a factor
called damping ratio. It is denoted by x or z.
• when x or z is maximum, it produces maximum
opposition to the oscillatory behavior of the system.
• Natural frequency of oscillation: When x or z is
zero, that means there is no opposition to the
oscillatory behavior of the system then the system
will oscillate naturally. Thus when x or z = 0,the
system oscillates with maximum frequency, which is
called the natural frequency of oscillations ,denoted
by: wn.
 CLTF of a second order system:

Where,

And,

To be continued……………..