OBJECTIVES

• explain the postulates of

the cell theory
• describe the structure and
function the organelles
 Cell Theory
• All living organisms are
composed of cells. They may
be unicellular or
multicellular.
• The cell is the basic unit of
life.
 Cell Theory
(MODERN VERSION)

• Energy flow occurs

within cells.
• Heredity information
(DNA) is passed on from
cell to cell.
• All cells have the same
 CELL
STRUCTURES
OR
ORGANELLES
 Nucleus
(THE CONTROLLER)
Definition:
Nucleus is an organelle found in Nucleus
eukaryotic cells. Inside of its fully
enclosed membrane, it contains the
majority of the cell’s genetic material.

Function:
• It maintains the security of the genes
and controls the functions of the entire
cell by regulating gene expression.
• Facilitate DNA replication during the
cell cycle.
• The site for genetic transcription.
 Nucleolus
Definition:
The nucleolus is a round body
located inside the nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell. It is not
surrounded by a membrane but
sits in the nucleus. It takes up
Function:
around 25% of the volume of
The nucleolus is a ribosome factory, composed of
the nucleus.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and
protein . At the nucleolus, a long ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
precursor molecule is transcribed from DNA, processed
into three mature RNAs, and packaged together with
specific proteins to make the large and small ribosomal
subunits. Once the subunits have been assembled, they are
Definition:
Endoplasmic Reticulum is an organelle Endoplasmic
Reticulum
found in the cells of eukaryotic organisms.
It is an interconnected network of
flattened sacs or tubes encased in a
membrane.

Function:
• It folds and transport various proteins,
specifically carrying them to the golgi
apparatus.
• It is also responsible for marking these
proteins that it transports with a signal
sequence.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ROUGH ER)
Definition:
Rough ER is named for its rough
appearance, which is due to the ribosomes
attached to its outer (cytoplasmic)
surface.

Function:
• Makes membrane proteins and
proteins for EXPORT out of cell.
• Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER
surface. They are then threaded into
the interior of the Rough ER to be
modified and transported.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(SMOOTH ER)
Definition:
Smooth ER is not associated with
ribosomes.

Function:
• Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
• Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
• Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
 Golgi Bodies
Definition: CIS
Golgi Bodies is an organelle present in most
eukaryotic cell . It is a stacks of flattened sacs (looks
like a stack of pancakes).

Function:
• Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for TRANS
storage OR transport out of cell.
• It transport lipids throughout the cell.
• Creates lysosomes Transport
• Receive proteins made by ER
• Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch vesicle
off the ends.
Definition: Ribosomes
Ribosomes is a complex molecular
machine that serves as the site of biological
protein synthesis. Ribosomes are made of a
small subunits (30S) and large subunits
(50S).
Function:
• A cell structure that makes a protein
“Protein factories”. It join amino acids to
make proteins (process called protein
synthesis).
• They are the site of translation where
the genetic code is used to build protein.
Ribosomes
Can be attached to
Rough ER

OR

Be free
(unattached)
in the
cytoplasm
 Lysosome
s
(SUICIDE SAC)

Definition: Function:
It is a membrane-bound • Autoly
organelle. It also is a sis
spherical vesicle which • Exocyt
contain hydrolytic osis
 Mitochondria
(POWERHOUSE)

Definition:
Mitochondria are rod-
shaped organelles that
can be considered the
power generators of the
Function:
cell
• production of ATP
• Storage of calcium ions
• Production of heat
Chloroplast
Function: Definition:
• Chloroplasts have
Photosynthesis
different shapes,
they vary from
spheroid,
filamentous saucer-
shaped, discoid or
ovoid shaped. They
are vesicular and
have a colorless
center. Some
chloroplasts are in
shape of club, they
Definition:
Vacuoles are fluid-filled, Vacuole
enclosed structures that
are separated from the
cytoplasm by a single
membrane. They are found
mostly in plant cells and
Function:
fungi.
• Turgor pressure control
• Storage
• Detoxification
• Protection
 Cytoplasm
Definition: cytoplasm
The Cytoplasm is the material within a
living cell, excluding the cell nucleus. It
comprises cytosol, a jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell membrane

Function:
• It is responsible for giving a cell its
shape.
• Contains organelles to carry out
specific jobs.
• It helps to fill out the cell and keeps
organelles in their place.
• It provides a medium for chemical
reactions to take place.
 Cytoskeleton
Definition:
The cytoskeleton is a
network of fibers that
forms the
"infrastructure" of cells.
These fibers consist of a
complex mesh of protein
Function: and
filaments motor
•proteins.
helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to
the cell
• assists in the formation of vacuoles
• variety of cellular organelles are held in place by the
cytoskeleton
• makes cell mobility possible
 Cell or Plasma Membrane
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Cell
membrane

Inside
of cell Protein Lipid bilayer
(cytoplasm) channel

Definition:
Cell or Plasma Membrane is composed of
phospholipids bilayer, which forms a
stable barrier between two aqueous
compartment.
Function:
• It provide support and protect the cell
from its surrounding.
• It regulates the movement of
substances in and out of cells.
 Cell Wall
Definition: Function:
The cell wall is • Support
the rigid, semi- • Regulate grow
permeable • Protection
protective layer • Storage
in some cell types.
This outer
covering is
positioned next
to the cell
membrane (plasma
membrane) in
most plant cells,
Summary
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
(POWERHOUSE)
Cytoskeleton
Lysosomes