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ANALYSIS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
I t i s th e pr oc es s of predi cti ng th e
performance of a given structure under a
prescribed loading condition.
Also reffered to
a s continuity
conditions, relate
the deformations of
a structure so that
its various parts
(members, joints,
an d sup port s ) fit
t oget h e r w it h out
any gaps or
overlaps.
Constitutive Relations
1. Equality
2. Addition and Subtraction
3. Multiplication by a Scalar
4. Multiplication of Matrices
5. Transpose of a Matrix
6. Inverse of a Square Matrix
7. Orthogonal Matrix
MATRIX OPERATIONS||
Equality
or symbolically
MATRIX OPERATIONS||
Multiplication of Matrices
Calculate the products AB and BA if
2.
MATRIX OPERATIONS||
Inverse of a Square Matrix
The inverse of a square matrix A is defined as a matrix A−1 with
elements of such magnitudes that the product of the original
matrix A and its inverse A-1 equals a unit matrix I; that is,
Example.
Determine whether matrix A given below is an orthogonal
matrix.
EXERCISES
in which P is called
the joint load
vector of the truss.
2. DEGREES OF FREEDOM|
REACTION VECTOR
As indicated there, the
numbers assigned to the
restrained coordinates are
used to identify the support
reactions. In other words, a
reaction corresponding to an
ith restrained coordinate is
denoted by the symbol Ri. The
three support reactions of the
truss can be collectively
expressed in matrix form as
1.
OUTLINE:
F=Kv
P = Sd
Where:
k = member stiffness matrix in the LCS
u = member end displacement vector in the LCS
Q = member end force vector in the LCS (Axial Force)
K = member stiffness matrix in the GCS
v = member end displacement vector in the GCS
F = member end force vector in the GCS
S = Structure stiffness matrix
d = joint displacements
P = external loading
GENERAL PROCEDURE
F=Kv
P = Sd
GENERAL PROCEDURE
F=Kv
2. Degrees of Freedom P = Sd
in which kij represents the FORCE at the location and in the direction of ki
required, along with other end forces, to cause a unit value of
displacement uj, while all other end displacements are zero.
These kij are called stiffness coefficients expressed in forces per unit
displacement (ex. N/m, lb/in)
or symbolically as Q=ku
3.1 MEMBER STIFFNESS RELATIONS
(LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM)
Relate the axial force kij to axial deformation uj using the stress–strain
relationship for linearly elastic materials given by Hooke’s law as
σ=Eε
Where:
1
L
Thus,
3.1 MEMBER STIFFNESS RELATIONS
(LOCAL COORDINATE SYSTEM)
Determine the values of the stiffness coefficients.
OR
Note:
If end displacements in
the local coordinate
system for member 9 of
the truss shown are
F=Kv
2. Degrees of Freedom P = Sd
Q1 = F1 cos θ + F2 sin θ
Q2 = −F1 sin θ + F2 cos θ
Q3 = F3 cos θ + F4 sin θ
Q4 = −F3 sin θ + F4 cos θ
These equations can be written as:
Where:
In symbols:
T = TRANSFORMATION MATRIX
Where:
Q = TF Q = member end forces in LCS
F = member end forces in GCS
3.2 Coordinate Transformations||
Transformation from Global to Local Coordinate Systems||
Member End Forces
Letting λx = cos(θ) and λy = sin(θ) represent the direction cosines for the
member, we have x y 0 0
y x 0 0
T
0 0 x y
0 0 y x
3.2 Coordinate Transformations||
Transformation from Global to Local Coordinate Systems||
Member End Displacement
From Q = T F :
u = Tv
where:
u = displacement in the LCS
v = displacement in the GCS
T = transformation matrix
3.2 Coordinate Transformations||
Transformation from Local to Global Coordinate Systems
3.2 Coordinate Transformations||
Transformation from Local to Global Coordinate Systems ||
Member End Forces
Where:
In symbols:
F = TT Q
3.2 Coordinate Transformations||
Transformation from Local to Global Coordinate Systems ||
Member End Displacement
v = TT u
Where:
v = displacement in the GCS
u = displacement in the LCS
ACTIVITY 4
(FOR 10 MINUTES)
0. 75
0
v2
1. 5
2
GENERAL PROCEDURE
F=Kv
2. Degrees of Freedom P = Sd
F = TT [k(Tv)]
F = Kv Where:
K = TT k T
K = global member stiffness matrix
3.3 Member Stiffness Relations
(Global Coordinate System)
F = Kv ; K = TT k T
2 2
x x y x x y
2
2
E A x y y x y y
K
L 2 2
x x y x x y
x y y 2 2
x y y
x y 0 0
Note: Like the member local stiffness
y x
0 0 matrix k, the member global stiffness
T matrix K, is symmetric
0 0 x y
0 0 y x
ACTIVITY 5
(FOR 10 MINUTES)
0. 75
0
v2
1. 5
2
GENERAL PROCEDURE
F=Kv
2. Degrees of Freedom P = Sd
ANALYTICAL MODEL
LINE DIAGRAM
which each joint and member is
identified by a number