ENERGY

& FUELS

Macarambon, Braganza, Bautista,

Enrile, Artienda, Duropan
 ENERGY
- Power derived from the utilization of physical or
chemical resources, especially to provide light heat
or to work machines.
Common energy forms include:
– Kinetic energy (energy of a moving object)
– Potential energy (energy stored by an object’s position in a force field)
– Solar energy
– Tidal energy
– Heat or Thermal energy
– Mechanical energy
– Electrical energy
– Sound energy
– Chemical energy
– Nuclear or Atomic energy
 CONSERVATION
– Reduction in the consumption of energy but
without sacrificing quality and quantity of the
production
Why?
– It can save you money.
– Less electricity used means less fossil fuels burned.
– It can help to lessen pollution and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
– Fossil fuels are not renewable sources and the more
electricity we consume, the faster these resources will be
depleted.
 COMPETITIVE ENERGY SOURCES
- Fossil fuels, solar energy, tidal energy, mechanical
energy, etc. are all competitive so local conditions
may make one of them superior. Energy must be
generated or collected inexpensively for broad
general use.
 FOSSIL FUELS
– Contain high percentage of carbon, petroleum, coal, and
natural gas, formed in the geological past from the remains
of living organisms.
– The age fossil fuels were formed is referred to as the
carboniferous period, which is roughly about 286-360
million years ago.
 Characteristics of
Fossil fuels
 Combustible – fossil fuels are highly
combustible in the presence of heat
and oxygen.
 Concentrated energy – fossil fuels
are powerful sources of energy.
 Composition – fossil fuels are very
carbon rich.
 Limited – its true that the supply of
fossil fuels are in abundance.
However, the supply of fossil fuels is
not unlimited.
ADVANTAGES
 Usability – fossil fuels are easy to use, as all that is
needed is to burn them to generate energy.
 They are cheap sources of energy – their availability and
less costly production methods makes fossil fuels
cheaper energy alternatives.
 Powerful source of energy – fossil fuels are powerful
enough to generate heat, light and electrical energy for
whole cities.
 Very stable – fossil fuels have carbon and hydrogen
bonding and this makes them stable molecules that can
be carried around. They can also be stored for longer
periods without forming other componds.
 SOLID FUELS
– Refers to various types of solid material that are used
as fuel to produce energy and provide heating, usually
released through combustion. Solid fuels have been
used by humanity for many year to create fire.
 TYPES OF SOLID FUELS
Peat Coal

Lignite Coke
LIQUID
FUELS
 Fuel Oil
Fuel consisting mainly of residues
from crude-oil distillation.
Any liquid fuel that is burned for the
generation of heat or used in an
engine for the generation of power,
except oils having a flash point of
approximately 107 °F (42 °C)
 Other Liquid Fuels
Tar
Tar Oil
Kerosene
Benzol
Alcohol
Gasoline
 Shale Oil
Unconventional oil produced
from oil shale rock fragments
by pyrolysis, hydrogenation,
or thermal dissolution. These
processes convert the
organic matter within the
rock (kerogen) into
synthetic oil and gas.
 Tar Sands
Also referred to as oil
sands.
Have up to 18% bitumen
entrapped in a matrix of
sand, silt and waster.
GASEOUS FUELS
 Natural Gas - a mixture of
flammable gases, mainly the
hydrocarbons methane and
ethane, that naturally occurs
beneath the surface of the Earth.
 Manufactured Gas - or artificial
gas, is produced or derived from
coal, coal and oil mixtures, or
from petroleum
COMBUSTION
– It is a chemical process in which a substance reacts
rapidly with oxygen to produce heat.
– The substance undergoing combustion is call combustible
substance.
– Fuel are substances that reacts with oxygen to release
useful energy.
 Combustion forms
– Complete Combustion
happen in a plentiful supply of air.
– Incomplete Combustion
occurs when the supply of air is limited.
 Rapid Combustion
Combustion
types TYPES OF
COMBUSTION

Spontaneous Combustion

Explosion
COGENERATION

– The generation of electricity and other energy jointly, especially the utilization of
the steam left over from electricity generation to produce heat.
– Cogeneration system is a highly efficient way of capturing heat which would
otherwise be lost during the production of electricity and converts it into useful
thermal energy.
– Known as power station, also referred to as a generating
station, power plant, powerhouse, or generating plant.
– An industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
– Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as
coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity.
– There is an increasing use of cleaner renewable sources POWER
such as solar, wind, wave and hydroelectric.
GENERATION
Power
Generation
BOILERS
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid
is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the
boiler for use in various processes or heating
applications,[including water heating, central heating,
boiler-based power generation, cooking, and
sanitation.

Standard Boiler are either;

– Water (inside the) Tube
Large high-pressure units
– Fire Tube
Small and Potable lower- pressure units
Electric Power from Steam
Conventional Energy
Generation

– The first practical electricity generating system using a steam turbine was
designed and made by Charles Parsons in 1884 and used for lighting an
exhibition in Newcastle. Since then, apart from getting bigger, turbine design
has hardly changed and Parson's original design would not look out of place
today. Despite the introduction of many alternative technologies in the
intervening 120 years, over 80 percent of the world's electricity is still generated
by steam turbines driving rotary generators.
The Energy Conversion
Processes

– Electrical energy generation using steam turbines involves three energy

conversions, extracting thermal energy from the fuel and using it to raise steam,
converting the thermal energy of the steam into kinetic energy in the turbine
and using a rotary generator to convert the turbine's mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Heat Transmission Other than Steam
NUCLEAR ENERGY
 Nuclear Energy
– Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that
release nuclear energy to generate heat, which
most frequently is then used in steam turbines to
produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. The
term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and
nuclear fusion.
How nuclear power can be used?
– Today, nuclear energy is used to some degree to provide
electricity to many countries as well as act as the main fuel
source for marine propulsion for ships in many navies. In
some countries, such as France, nuclear energy is the
primary source for electricity generation, according to the
World Nuclear Association.
What countries have nuclear
power plants?
– Of the thirty countries in which nuclear power plants
operate, only France, Hungary, Slovakia and Ukraine use
them as the source for a majority of electricity, although
many other countries have a significant nuclear power
generation capacity.
What are the disadvantages of
using nuclear energy?
– Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy.
1. Radioactive Waste : The waste produced by nuclear reactors needs to
be disposed off at a safe place since they are extremely hazardous and
can leak radiations if not stored properly. Such kind of waste emits
radiations from tens to hundreds of years.
What are the benefits and
drawbacks of using nuclear
power?
– Advantages of nuclear power generation: Nuclear
power generation does emit relatively low amounts
of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green
house gases and therefore the contribution
of nuclear power plants to global warming is
therefore relatively little.
Hydroelectric Power

– Flowing water
creates energy that can be
captured and turned into
electricity. This is
called hydroelectric power or
hydropower. The most common
type of hydroelectric power
plant uses a dam on a river to
store water in a reservoir.
How hydroelectric power is
generated?
– Hydro power systems convert this potential energy into kinetic energy in a
turbine, which drives a generator to produce electricity. The greater the height
and the more water there is flowing through the turbine, the more electricity
can be generated.
How the electricity is
generated from water?
– Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A
turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy.
Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine
into electrical energy.
 ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY S☼URCES
1. BIOMASS
2. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
3. WAVE AND TIDAL ENERGY
4. FUEL CELLS
5. SOLID WASTE ENERGY
6. BIOGAS
7. SOLAR ENERGY
8. ETHANOL FROM BIOMASS
9. VEGETABLE OILS
10. OCEAN THERMAL
11. PIPELINE HYDROGEN
12. FUSION
THANK Y☼U!
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