DATE:May 24 -June 10, 2016 VENUE: SPUP, Tuguegarao City

DEEPENING
OF CONTENT
 NATURE and
ELEMENTS of
COMMUNICATION
 What is
Communication?
“Any act by which one person
gives to or receives from
another person information
about that person’s needs,
desires, perceptions,
knowledge, or affective
states.”
Julia Scherba de Valenzuela
 “ the act or instance of
transmitting either information or
a verbal or written message

 “a process by which information

is exchanged between individuals
through a common system of
symbols, signs, or behavior”
Merriam-Webster
“the exchange of thoughts,
messages, or information, as by
speech, signals, writing,”
free dictionary.com

“the act of conveying information

for the purpose of creating a
shared understanding”
communication.com
 THE
COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
Conceptualizing
Encoding
Transmitting
Receiving
Decoding
Responding
Verifying
 MODELS
OF
COMMUNICATION
Linear model (Aristotle)
 shows a straight path of relaying information
 one-directional
 signifies that noise is a barrier to effective
communication
 proposed by Aristotle
 later modified by David Berlo,
communications professor and author, by
identifying the four key elements:
source/sender, message, channel, receiver
Interactive model
 introduced by Wilbur Schramm, mass
communication expert
 takes into consideration feedback from the
receiver
 message originates from two sources: the
message from the sender and the feedback from
the receiver
 considers context and field of experience
 shows communication as a give-take-give
interaction
Transactional model
 shows communication as occurring
continuously and simultaneously between or
among people

 shows communication as a two-way

process in which participants are constantly
sending and receiving messages
 People do not simply send and
receive messages and send them
back again.Instead, they send and
receive messages simultaneously
and build shared meanings during
the interaction; the channel,
environment, communicators,
shared meanings, and even noise
are part of the message.
Communication
Breakdown and
Noise
 Noise is the technical term
used to refer to all the
possible barriers to effective
communication. Noise can be
physical, psychological,
physiological, or semantic.
 distracting visual aid
 depression TRY THIS!
 suspicions
 speaker’s use of a foreign language
 hunger
 listener’s limited vocabulary
 paranoia
 stomach ache
 different interpretations of the meaning of word
 biases
 ELEMENTS
OF
COMMUNICATION
(VERBAL/NON-VERBAL)
 Situation 01
Consider two men having a conversation in front of a
restaurant. Both are dressed in business attire and are
friendly but not too familiar with each other. At one
point, one of them shakes the hand of the other, and
they say their thanks and go separate ways. You
probably hear one say, “So it’s a deal. I look forward to
doing this project.” You conclude that a business
transaction has just occurred. Even if you do not hear
that line from one of them, you can still safely assume it
is not a friendly banter between two close friends with
the way they shook hands and separated ways after.
Situation 02
Consider an author writing a novel.
He may smile or frown or clench his
teeth in anger depending on his
mood while typing his manuscript.
He is alone, yet he gestures and
makes facial expressions to express
something.
 The situations describe verbal and
non-verbal cues that accompany
intrapersonal and interpersonal
communication contexts.
Depending on the situation, the
topic, the activity, and the persons
involved, appropriate verbal and
nonverbal cues are used to make
the interaction clear and successful.
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
“you and
others”
 EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
SKILL
 WHAT DO WE
CONSIDER TO
ACHIEVE
EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION?
 socio-linguistic
- context (appropriate place of
content)

strategic competence – ability to

maintain the flow/aura of the
conversation
Linguistic competence
(language usage,
grammar)
 Functions of
Communication
 Regulation/Control
 a rule or directive made and maintained by
an authority

 an action or process of regulating or being

regulated

Communication is mainly used by persons in authority or

representing authority to regulate or direct others under them.
Examples/ Situations

The traffic aide in the middle of an

intersection gestures or blows his
whistle to direct the flow of vehicles and
pedestrians. In doing so, he avoids a
chaotic scenario of vehicles crisscrossing
without regard for other motorists and
accidents that may happen.
Examples/ Situations

Religions all over the world

have set of laws they
prescribe for their faithful.
These laws are moral guides
that direct the faithful on
how to live.
Social Interaction

 “a spontaneous verbal
exchanges occurring in
natural settings that are
typically familiar to the
interactants” Handbook of Language and Social Interactions
  How do you express your
emotions to your family
members?

 How does it differ with the way

you express your emotions with
people outside of your family?
Emotional Interactions
 a manifestation of one’s internal
emotional state
 an important social signal that
conveys a variety of information
regarding a person’s state of mind
and his/her intentions
 Motivation

 literally the ‘desire to do things’

and the ‘crucial element in setting
and attaining goals’
 Information

 apparent in the
information-dissemination
function of news agencies
 can be technology-based
COMMUNICATIVE
COMPETENCE
STRATEGIES IN
VARIOUS SPEECH
SITUATIONS
TYPES OF SPEECH
CONTEXT
 Intrapersonal
Communication
 communication with oneself

 making decisions/plans
 tapping one’s self
 self-encouragement
 smiling at your own reflection
 Interpersonal
Communication
 communication with others

 casual conversations
 skype
 interviews
 meetings
TYPES OF SPEECH
STYLES
 INTIMATE
 communication/conversation
between persons of close alliance
 also known as the bedroom
language
 married couples
 lovers
 family members
 CASUAL

 natural
conversations/conversational
 colleagues
 peers
 CONSULTATIVE

 conversational but does not use

colloquial terms
 communication between a superior and a
subordinate, doctor & patient, lawyer & client,
lawyer & judge, teacher & student, counselor &
client,
 FORMAL

 used in formal settings and is one-way in

nature
 is usually impersonal and formal

sermons, rhetorical statements and questions,

speeches, pronouncements made by
judges, announcements
 FROZEN
communications RARELY or NEVER
changes

the Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord’s Prayer, the Preamble

to the US Constitution, the Alma Mater, a bibliographic
reference, laws ., bible
TYPES OF SPEECH
Acts
 locutionary
 an utterance of meaningful
sentence, or what is said
literally
 illocutionary
 is the social function
of what is said
 perlocutionary

the effect of what is said

to the person it is uttered
to
 When people
communicate, their
utterances are rarely
strings of words and
meanings. BE CAREFUL!