Engr.

Ismail Hussain
IIUI
Old concept of Security …

“A nation is secure if it is not in danger of having to sacrifice core

values(religion, culture, language etc). And is able, if challenged, to
maintain them by victory in such wars”. Walter Lippmann

 “Security is absence of threat”. Arnold Wolfers

Security in contemporary era …

“Security is about the ability of state and society to maintain its

independence, identity and functional integrity”. Barry Buzan (Professor
of International Relations)
Concept of Security

Traditional (old) Concept of Security

 Military Security against threats from other countries.
Non-traditional concept of Security
 NT concept of security (given by Barry Buzan) is expansion from Military to
political, economic, societal, environmental, security.
 It is security against the soft threats.
From Macro to Micro …

 Traditional National security: is protection of a state’s sovereignty and

territorial integrity from external military attack. (military)

 Non-traditional security: is protection of a state’s institutions and

governing capacity from non-military threats. (non-military)
Non-traditional Security Threats To Pakistan

Old Threats New Threats

Political Instability  Unemployment
Weak Judiciary  Overpopulation
Feudalism  Terrorism
Provincialism  Suicide Bombing
Sectarian Violence  Target Killings
Energy Crisis  Environmental threats
Water Shortage  Drug Trafficking
Poverty
Illiteracy
Corruption
Political Instability
 One of the biggest threats from the very beginning.
 No government so far could have been able to complete its term.
 Incompetence of political leaders provides golden chance to Army.
 Military makes countless promises in the end only prolong their rule and
serve their vested interests.
Weak Judiciary
 Judiciary has been providing a legal cover to the military rule in the country.
 Supported the undemocratic steps taken by the dictators under the
“Doctrine of necessity”.
 Weak judiciary has never allowed the democracy to flourish.
 absence of democracy has given birth to numerous other problems/threats.
Feudalism
 Feudalism has never allowed a sincere leadership to come to the scene.
 Feudal lords have always tried to achieve their interests in the costume of
politics. (business interests)
 Poor masses are forced by the feudal lords to cast votes according to their
will. (Use of money)
 Common man cannot win elections.
Provincialism
 Provincial hatred is the cause of negligence. (Baluchistan and FATA)
 Separation of East Pakistan.
 Centre has always been reluctant to give provinces full autonomy and due
share in national resources.
 Inequality and mismanagement of the natural resources has flared up the
feelings of provincialism.
 Provincialism results in lack of nationalism(threat to our national integrity).
 Nationalism is a great binding force but here everyone instead of thinking
himself as a Pakistani considers as Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi, Pathan etc.
 Sectarian Violence
 Religious differences such as Shia vs. Sunni are further adding fuel to the fire.
 Attacks on Shias increased during Zia’s regime.
 4,000 people killed in Shia-Sunni sectarian fighting between 1987–
2007. (Human Rights Watch)
 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi , Sipah-e-Sahaba , Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan(affiliates of Al-
Qaeda).
 “Lashkar-e-Jhangvi” has claimed responsibility for most attacks" on Shia
according to (Human Rights Watch).
 Decrease in sectarian violence in 2016 and 2017 due to NAP. (Pakistan institute
of peace studies, PIPS)
Energy Crisis
 Energy , a demand for all fields.
 Lack of dams
 Inability to explore coal: 6th largest coal reserves in the world.
 Inability to produce electricity from renewable energy sources.
 Pakistan’s energy sector’s circular debt is estimated to have gone beyond a
record Rs922 billion mark by end of November 2017.(Government- power
companies-Oil and Gas companies- Loan from banks)
 Investors are reluctant to invest in our country.
 Water shortage
 Sources are rainfall, surface water in rivers and underground water.
 After the Indus Basin Treaty with India, Jhelum and Chenab is available to Pakistan
while the availability of Ravi, Sutlej and Bias depends on the will of India.
 construction of dams by India over Chenab and Jhelum in violation of the Indus
Basin Treaty created water shortage for Pakistan
 Pakistan is at the 7th position in the list of countries facing water crisis.(UNO
Report)
 Kalabagh dam-A controversial issue
 Over irrigation. (Indus Basin Irrigation System ,IBIS)
 Indus River System Authority (IRSA).
 excessive pumping of underground water.
 Mismanagement of water resources.
Poverty
 Energy crisis coupled with water crisis has severely affected the
industrial and agricultural sector.
 People engaged in both these sectors are being left unemployed.
 Unemployment is leading to poverty.
 Despite being agricultural country ,we are still facing food shortage.
People are unable to make their both ends meet.
Unemployment
 Supply is More than Demand
 Lack of Foreign Direct Investment
 Weak education system
 Corruption( Foreign business i.e. offshore companies)
 Merit over Nepotism( favoritism towards an individual because of his or her
legacy or because of his or her status).
Illiteracy
 The fact that 50% of children do not complete their primary
education.
 Illiterate society closes the doors of prosperity.
 Illiteracy leads to crimes, terrorism etc.
Corruption
 Corruption a fashion in our society.
 It has become the part of each and every department of government.
 From clerical staff to higher officers and bureaucrats, all are involved
in corruption of one kind or the other.
 It is weakening the roots of our system: A threat to the survival of the
country.
Growing Population
 Growing population is becoming headache for our nation.
 Economy is not that strong to cater to the needs of the growing
population.
 Suggestions
• Balance between all the institutions of the country. Do not cross their limits.
• Good relations between Centre and Provinces. Grievances of the provinces must be
addressed on priority basis.
• Equal distribution of natural resources must be ensured. Provinces must be given
right and due share over their natural resources.
• Access to cheap and quick justice should be made possible for everyone. Justice
must be irrespective of class, creed and religion.
• Economic policies must be revised to meet the demands of the poor masses.
• Agricultural and industrial sectors must be revolutionized to attract investment and
boost the economy.
Suggestions Cont..
• Cut-down of extra expenditure by down-sizing the administrative setup. It
would be greatly helpful in reducing debt burden from our country.
• Accountability must be started from the top. Everyone, no matter how
powerful is he, must be brought to book.
• Media should be made free. Media can be instrumental in ensuring good
governance.