Topics

 Sampling

 PCM Principles

 PDH & SDH Systems

 STM –1 Frame structure

 Bit rates of STM-1 ,STM-4 ,STM-16 ………

Sampling Theorem
 A bandlimited signal can be reconstructed exactly
if it is sampled at a rate atleast twice the maximum
frequency component in it.

Fs ≥ 2Fm
 PULSE CODE MODULATION

 Developed by A.M.Reaves in 1938

 Uses TDM technique

 Voice Frequency ranges upto 4 Khz

 Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz (Ts=125 µsec)

 8 bits per sample

 Digital Bit Rate: 8000 X 8 = 64 Kbps

BUILDING UP THE BASE STREAM (2MB)……

One sample duration (approx) = 4 µs

Duration between samples = 125 µs
30 Channel PCM System
 30 voice channels

 One channel for synchronisation

 One channel for signalling

 Totol no.of channels =32

 One frame (125 µs) is divided into 32 time slots

PCM bit rate
 32 time slots in a frame

 Each slot having 8 bits

 Total no.of bits per frame= 32*8 =256 bits/frame

 Total no.of frames per sec =8000

 Total no.of bits per sec =256 * 8000 =2048 Kbps

PDH
 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
 a technology used in telecommunications network to transport large
quantity of data over digital transport equipment such as fibre optic
and microwave radio wave systems.
 the term “plesiochronous” is derived from greek plesio which means
near, and chronous, time.
 it means that pdh networks run in a state where different parts of the
network are almost, but not quite perfectly synchronised
 The basic data rate is 2.048 Mbps
PDH BIT RATES
(European standard)

 E1- 2048 Kbps (2Mb) [30 Voice Channel]

 E2- 8448 Kbps (8Mb) [120 Voice Channel]

 E3- 34368 Kbps (34Mb) [480 Voice Channel]

 E4- 139264 Kbps (140Mb) [1920 Voice Channel]

 140 Mbps 140 Mbps

565/140
140/565
34 Mbps 34 Mbps

140/34
34/140

8 Mbps 8 Mbps

34/8
8/34

2 Mbps 2 Mbps

8/2
2/8
PDH HIERARCHY
Limitations of PDH
 Specialized equipment required for interwork two
hierarchy
 Inability to identify individual channels in a higher order
bit stream.
 Insufficient capacity for network management

 Higher bit rates are difficult to achieve

 Supports only linear topology

 no common standards among vendors.

SDH-Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
 SDH is an ITU-T standard for a high capacity telecom network.
 SDH is a synchronous digital transport system, aim to provide a
simple, economical and flexible telecom infrastructure.
 This is the information structure used to support information
payload and overhead information organized in a block frame
structure which repeats every 125 micro seconds
 The basis of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is synchronous
multiplexing - data from multiple tributary sources is byte
interleaved.
MERITS OF SDH
 Simplified multiplexing / demultiplexing techniques

 Direct access to lower speed tributaries

 Enhance Operation , Administration & Maintenance

 Easy growth to higher bit rates in steps with evolution of
transmission technology
 Capable of transporting existing PDH

 Capable of transporting future ATM

 Capable of operating multi vendor and multi –operator
environment
SDH Rates
 SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of
155.52 Mbit/s.
 The basic unit of SDH is STM-1

 STM-Synchronous Transport Module

 Higher rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate
therefore the hierarchy is synchronous.
STM-N
Where N =1,4,16 ,64 n is a multiples of four
 SDH BIT RATES

SDH Levels Bit rates in Mbps

STM-1 155.520
STM-4 622.080
STM-16 2488.320
STM-64 9953.28
 STM-1 Frame
 Synchronous Transport Module –

 A frame with a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s is defined in

ITU-T Recommendation G.707

 It is made up from a byte matrix of 9 rows and 270

columns.
 SDH FRAME REPRESENTATION

9 261

S PAY
9 O LOAD
H

270

(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
 STM-1 frame structure (contd..)

• As indicated in the figure, the STM – n signal is multiples of

frames consisting of 9 rows with 270 bytes in each row

• The order of transmission of information is first from left to right

and then from top to bottom

• The first 9 bytes in each row are for information and used by
the SDH system itself.This area is divided into 3 parts

• Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH)

• Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH)
• Pointers

19
 THE TRUCK ANALOGY

PAYLOAD
OVERHEAD
 THE TRUCK ANALOGY

PAYLOAD
OVERHEAD
 THE TRUCK

PAYLOAD
OVERHEAD
 SDH Frame Structure
270 Columns (Bytes)
transmit
9 270
1 row by row
1
RSOH
3
4 AU Pointer Payload
5 (transport capacity)

MSOH

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 µs
 FRAME REPRESENTATION

1ST ROW 2ND ROW 3RD ROW 9TH ROW

9 261 9 261 9 261 9 261

9 261
I I I

S
O PAY LOAD
H

I 270 I
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
 BIT RATE : STM-N

• NUMBER OF ROWS = 9
• NUMBER OF COLUMNS = 9+261=270
• NUMBER OF BYTES = 9x270
• NUMBER OF BITS = 9x270x8
• NUMBER OF BITS / SECOND = 9x270x8x8000
=155520000
=155.520 Mbps (STM-1)
• BIT RATE OF STM-N = (Nx155.520) Mbps
 SDH ACCOMMODATES
EXISTING SIGNALS

1
140M C4
34M
S
D
34M 3 H
8M C3
M
U
8M
2M X

63
2M
64K C12
1
SDH Multiplexing
 The multiplexing principles of SDH follows these terms
 Mapping - A process used when tributaries are adapted into
Virtual Containers (VCs) by adding justification bits and Path
Overhead (POH) information.
 Aligning - This process takes place when a pointer is included in
a Tributary Unit (TU) or an Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the
first byte of the Virtual Container to be located.
 Multiplexing - This process is used when multiple lower-order
path layer signals are adapted into a higher-order path signal, or
when the higher-order path signals are adapted into a Multiplex
Section.
Multiplexing Structure
 Elements of SDH
• Container (C)

• Virtual Container (VC)

• Tributary Unit (TU)

• Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

• Administrative Unit (AU)

• Administrative Unit Group (AUG)

• Synchronous Transport Module - N (STM – N)

29
 CONTAINER

 Input is PDH
 Provides justification for PDH signals
 Output is synchronous

JUSTIFICATION

SDH
P 2Mb/s
CONTAINER synchronized
D
H

34 BYTES
 VIRTUAL CONTAINER

 35 BYTES - ONE 2MB

POH CONTAINER
 TRIBUTARY UNIT

 When pointer is added to the virtual container ,it is called

tributary unit ( ONE 2 MB)

4X9

POINTER VC

36 BYTES
TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUP-2
 4 X9 4 X9 4 X9

TU12 TU12 TU12

(1) (2) (3)

TUG-2

12 X9
TU12 CONTAINS -ONE 2 MB
TUG-2 CONTAINS THREE 2MB
 Tributary unit group -3

 Homogeneous assembly of identical tributary units

Tug-2 Tug-2
(1) (7)

TUG-3 TUG-3 CONTAIS 21X2MB

VC-4 FORMATION
 Virtual container formation

TUG-3 TUG-3 TUG-3

VC-4=261
 VIRTUAL CONTAINER -4

 Virtual container 258C + 1C POH+ 2C fixed stuff byte

 258+1+2=261Columns

P
FIXED
O TUFF vc
H
 AU POINTER IS ADDED TO THE VC

AU Pointer
PAYLOAD
 ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT GROUP
 SOH BYTES ARE ADDED

 270C X 9R

RSOH

AU POINTER PAY LOAD

MSOH
The following are the different steps in the
mapping of 2Mbps stream
 Formation of container C12
 Formation of virtual container VC12
 Formation of tributary unit TU12
 Multiplexing of TU12 ‘s to form TUG3
 Multiplexing of TUG3‘s to form VC4
 Formation of administrative unit AU4
 Formation of administrative unit group AUG
 Adding SOH to form STM1
 MUX PRINCIPLE: STM-1(from C-12)

S P P
O T O TUG-3 TUG-3 TUG-3
H R H

TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2

TU-12 TU-12 TU-12

P P
T O CONTAINER-12
R H
2 Mbps mapping
STM-1 AUG AU-4 VC-4

x3

TUG-3

x7

STM-n Synchronous Transport Module TUG-2

Administrative Unit Group: One or
AUG x3
more AU(s) E1: 2.048Mb/s
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
AU-n
Virtual Container: payload + path
VC-n overhead
Mapping of 34 Mbps stream

STM-1 AUG AU-4 VC-4

x3

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

E3: 34.368Mb/s
C-3 DS3: 44.736Mb/s

STM-n Synchronous Transport Module

Administrative Unit Group: One or
AUG more AU(s)
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
AU-n
Virtual Container: payload + path
VC-n overhead
Mapping of 140 Mbps stream

STM-1 AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 E4: 139.264Mb/s

STM-n Synchronous Transport Module

Administrative Unit Group: One or
AUG more AU(s)
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
AU-n
Virtual Container: payload + path
VC-n overhead
SDH End-to-End Connection
SDH
PDH Regenerators PDH
section
REG REG
PTE MSTE MSTE PTE
STM-1 STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-1

Multiplex section

Path
Section Overhead
 RSOH –Regenerator Section Overhead

 MSOH –Multiplex Section Overhead

SECTION OVERHEADS
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X RSOH
D1 D2 D3
AU POINTER
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9 MSOH

D10 D11 D12

S1 M1 E2 X X
SOH BYTE ALLOCATION
A1,A2 Frame alignment
B1B2 Error monitoring
D1..D3 Data communication channel for RSOH
D4..D12 Data communication channel for MSOH
E1-E2 Order wire channel
F1 Maintenance
J0 STM Identifier
K1 K2 Automatic protection switching
S1 SYNCHRONISATION STATUS
M1 Txmn Error acknowledgement
Media dependent bytes