Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Industrial Process
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Sensor Output: Voltage, Current, Resistance
Vout = ±10V, 10V, ±5V, 5V, 1V, 05V
Microcontroller Input:
Vin= 3.3V, 5V or 0-to-5V)
Physical
Variable:
Temp
Humidity
Load:
Motor
Lights
Digital or Analog Output from the microcontroller:
• Microcontroller output: 3.3V, 5V with 2-20mAmp, Current,
• Load: 230/120VAC/10VDC/24VDC and 1, 2,5 100 Amps
Industrial Process
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Operational Amplifiers (“Op-Amp")
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
A component level diagram of the common 741 op-amp. Dotted lines outline: current mirrors(red);
differential amplifier (blue); class A gain stage (magenta); voltage level shifter (green); output stage (cyan).
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Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
Operational Amplifier Real Value
Ideal Features:
Input Impedance = ∞ 10MΩ
Output Impedance = 0 Few Ωs
Voltage Gain = ∞ 500,000
Bandwidth = ∞ 10MHz
http://www.mccdaq.com/PDFs/specs/Signal-Conditioning.pdf
The gain equals the ratio between the feedback and input resistor values.
Gain= Vo/Vin
Gain= Vo/Vin + 1
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Av = (Rf /Ri) +1 = 11.
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Voltage Comparator
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http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/70329/LINER/LT1167C.html 10
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Rectifiers, how do they work.
A rectifier consists of 1 or more diodes and a reservoir capacitor,
a.k.a. smoothing capacitor. It is used to change A.C. (Alternating
Current) voltages into D.C. (Direct Current) voltages.
• The upper picture shows a half-wave rectifier,
• The bottom picture a full-wave (bridge) rectifier.
The full-wave rectifier has a higher efficiency and lower
ripple voltage as the reservoir capacitor is charged more
often as both halves of the sine wave are used.
https://diyaudioheaven.wordpress.com/tutorials/power-supplies/rectifiers/
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Before Regulation After Regulation
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A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a preset magnitude that
remains constant regardless of changes to its input voltage or load conditions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSzVs7_aW-Y
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Dropout Voltage
Need
heat
sink
No
Need
heat
sink
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Active Band Pass Filter
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Digitally Adjustable Amplifier Gain
2 to 1 http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/combination/comb_2.html
Multiplexer
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http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1840262.pdf 20
IC Packages
DIP (Dual in-line packages)
http://www.anterwell.com/Product/packinfo/tid/137.html
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/integrated-circuits/ic-packages
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High-Speed CMOS Logic 16-Channel Analog
Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1840262.pdf 22
HIGH-SPEED CMOS LOGIC 16-CHANNEL
ANALOG MULTIPLEXER and DEMULTIPLEXER
http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cd74hct4067-q1.pdf
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