RESTORATION OF HERITAGE

BUILDINGS IN HIMACHAL

SUBMITTED BY : ASHISH BHARTI 14602 SEMWSTER 8TH

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
N.I.T HAMIRPUR(H.P)
CONTENT:

• INTRODUCTION
• NEED FOR STUDY
• AIM
• OBJECTIVE
• SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

• LITERATURE REVIEW
• WHAT IS HERITAGE
• CRITERIA FOR LISTING HERITAGE BUILDINGS
• GRADING OF BUILDIGS
• CHALLENGES FACED
• FACTORS THAT CAUSE DECAY AND DETERIORATION IN HERITAGE BUILDING
• PRINCIPLES FOR RESTORATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
• ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
• MATERIAL FOR REPAIR AND STRENGHTNING
• BUILDING ELEMENTS
• STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION:

 HIMACHAL HAS A VERY RICH HISTORIC BACKGROUND WHICH IS EVIDENT FROM VARIOUS
BUILDINGS,FORTS,TEMPLES,OBEJECTS OF HISTORIC ERA.
 MANY OF THESE WERE CONSTRUCTED HUNDRED YEARS AGO WHEN INDIAN CIVILIZATION WAS AT
ITS PEAK.
 THEIR ARCHITECTURE , DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION AT THE TIME WHEN COMPUTERS,AND
MODERN CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES DID NOT EXIST MAKES ONE TO REALIZE THE WISDOM AND
EXPERTISE OF OUR FOREFATHERS.
 THESE STRUCTURES HAVE MANAGED TO SURVIVE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS WHILE MOST OF THE
MODERN CONSTRUCTIONS NEED REPAIR AFTER COUPLE OF YEARS OF SERVICE.
 TO PRESERVE THE ESSENTAL FEATURE OF THESE BUILDINGS HISTORY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE, IT IS
NECESSARY TO SINGLE OUT THE BEST MEANS OF SUITABLE PROTECTION FROM DECAY AND
DETERIORATION.

NEED FOR STUDY:

 MOST OLD CITIES HAVE SOME MONUENTS WHICHS REPRESENTS THE RELIGIOUS,
MILITARY,POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC POWERS OF THE PAST.
 THE CONDITION OF SUCH MONUMETS WHICH HAVE NO FURTHER UTILIZATION TENDS TO
DECAY RAPIDLY WHILE MONUMENTS WHICH ARE STILL IN USE HAVE A BETTER CHANCE OF
BEING MAINTAINED.
 RESTORATION INCREASES THE TOTAL EXPECTED LIFE OF THE STRUCTURE BY STRENGTHING IT TO
WITHSTAND ALL IMPOSED LOADS.
 IF STRUCTURE IS NOT TIMELY RESTORED,ITS CONDITION MAY WORSEN TO AN EXTENT SUCH
THAT IT BECOMES VERY DIFFICULT TO REGAIN ITS ORIGINAL CONDITION.

AIM:
THIS DISSERTATION AIMS TO EXPLORE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES TO RESTORE THE HERITAGE
BUILDINGS AND THE FACTORS WHICH LEADS TO DECAY OF THESE BUILDING ELEMENTS.

OBJECTIVES:

 TO STUDY VARIOUS RESTORATION TECHNIQUES FOR HERITAGE BUILDINGS.

 TO IDENTIFY THE MAIN PROBLEMS/FACTORS OF DECAY IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS.
 TO DETERMINE THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS.
 TO ENLIST VARIOUS MATERIALS USED IN THE HERITAGE BUILDINGS.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 WHAT IS HERITAGE ??

• PROPERTY THAT IS OR MAY BE INHERITED

• VALUED OBJECTS AND QUALITIES SUCH AS HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CULTURAL
TRADITIONS THAT HAVE BEEN PASSES DOWN FROM PREVIOUS GENERATIONS.
• RELATING TO THINGS OF HISTORIC OR CULTURAL VALUE THAR ARE WORTH OF
PRESERVATION.

 HERITAGE PRECINTS
• IT MEANS AND INCLUDES ANY SPACE THAT REQUIRES CONSERVATION OR
PRESERVATION FOR HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURAL OR AESTHETIC OR CULTURAL OR
ENVIRONMENTAL PURPOSE.

 CONSERVATION
• IT CAN BE GENERALLY CONSIDERED AS THE ACTION TAKEN TO PREVENT DECAY AND
TO PROLONG THE LIFE OF THE HERITAGE WITHOUT DESTROYING OR FALSIFYING THE
EVIDENCE.
RESTORATION
IT IS THE PROCESS OF BRINGING A HERITAGE OBJECT TO A KNOWN
EARLIER STAGE WITHOUT THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW MATERIALS

RECONSTRUCTION
IT MEANS RETURNING A PLACE AS NEARLY AS POSSIBLE TO A
KNOWN EARLIER STATE AND DISTINGUISHED BY THE RESTORATION OF LAL BAGH PALACE
INDORE, MADHYA PRADESH
INTRODUCTION OF MATERIALS INTO THE FABRIC.

CRITERIA FOR LISTING HERITAGE BUILDINGS

 HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE
 HISTORIC INTEGRITY
 HISTORIC CONTEXT

RECONSTRUCTION AT BASANTAPUR DURBAR SQUARE,

KATHMANDU
GRADING OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
 GRADE-I
 GRADE-II ( A AND B )
 GRADE-III

CHALLENGES FACED:

 PHYSICAL CONDITION : BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS AND

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM.
 MANAGEMENT CONTEXT : AVAILABILITY AND USE OF
RESOURCES.
 CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE AND SOCIAL VALUES: THE IMPACT
OF INTERVENTIONS.
 LACK OF SKILLED CRAFTSMEN.
EXAMPLE: MAITERYA BUDDA TEMPLE ,LADAKH
( AR.ABHA NARAIN )
FACTORS AND DEFECTS THAT CAUSE DECAY AND DETERIORATION IN HERITAGE BUILDING

THERE ARE SEVERAL FACTORS THAT LEADS TO DECAY AND DETERIORATION OF DIFFERENT BUILDING
ELEMENTS. THESE COULD BE NATURAL FACTORS, SOCIAL FACTORS AND HUMAN FACTORS.

 EARTHQUAKES :
EARTHQUAKES CAN CAUSE MASSIVE DAMAGE
TO THE BUILDINGS THOUGH HERITAGE
BUILDINGS ARE MORE THAN 100 YEARS OLD
THEY GET MORE EFFECTED BY EARTHQUAKES
CAUSING TILTING OF COLUMNS, CRACKS ETC

 MOISTURE AND RAINSTORM :

MOISTURE IS THE KEY AGENT IN CAUSING
DETERIORATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS . WATER
FROZEN IN THE PORES OF TIMBER AND BRICKS CAN
CAUSE SPALLING OF SURFACE, CRACKING AND
EVEN DISINTEGRATION.
 BIOLOGICAL FACTOR :
FACTORS SUCH AS MOSSES, FUNGUS, ALGAE AND INSECTS AFFECT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LIKE TIMBER ,BRICKS, STUCCO.

 SOLAR RADIATION : ALGAE ATTACK ON ROOF

AT ATOMIC LEVEL WHEN SUNLIGHT FALLS ON AN OBJECT THE
HIGH ENERGY PROVIDED BY THIS RADITION EXCITES ELECTRONES,
CAUSING THEM DISPLACED FROM BONDS BTW. ATOMS, CAUSE
MATERIAL TO DETERIORATE AND COLOURS TO FADE.

 AIR POLLUTION AND ACID RAIN:

ACID RAIN OCCURS WHEN FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS CONTAINING
SULPHUR DIOXIDE COMBINES WITH MOISTURE IN THE AIR TO
FORM ACIDIC PRECIPITATION CAUSING A CHEMICAL REACTION
WITH THE MATERIALS LEADING TO PERMANENT DAMAGE.
THE LESHAN BUDDHA, SOUTHERN CHINA ( DISSOLVING
DUE TO ACID RAIN)
HUMAN FACTOR:
THESE ARE THE FACTOS WHICH CAN BE CONTROLLED THROUGH
PROPER LEGISLATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS.

FIRE:
FIRE HAS BEEN A LONG ENEMY OF HRITAGE BUIKDINGS.
UNCONTROLLED FIRE CAN CAUSE ENIRE DISTRUCTION OF HERITAGE
BUILDINGS. SHIMLA: FIRE IN HERITAGE 'GORTON CASTLE'
BUILDING

VANDALISM:
IT IS THE DISRESPECT OF CULTURE, RUTHLESS DESTRUCTION OR
SPOILING OF ANYTHING BEAUTIFUL OR VENERABLE. EX. GRAFFITI OR
SCRIBBLING ON WALLS ETC.

CHANGE IN LANDUSE/URBAN DEVELOPMENT

SUJANPUR FORT, HIMACHAL PRADESH

PRINCIPLES FOR RESTORATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS:

 RESPECT FOR ORIGINAL MATERIAL.

 RESPECT TO VALID CONTRIBUTION OF ALL PERIODS TO BUILDING.
 REPLACEMENT OF MISSING PARTS MUST INTEGRATE HARMONIOUSLY
WITH THE WHOLE.
 ADDITION CAN NOT BE ALLOWED EXCEPT IN SO FAR AS THEY DO NOT
DETRACT FROM THE INTERESTING PART OF THE BUILDING.
 USE OF TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS.
 MODERN TECH. ARE USED ONLY WHERE ADEQUATE CAPACITY CAN NOT
BE ENSURED BY TRADITINAL TECHNIQUES.
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES :

 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION: EVALUATING A

COMPONENT WITHOUT AFFECTING THE SERVICEABILITY OF
PARTS OR MATERIAL.
• VISUAL INSPECTION
MICRO DRILL TEST
• PSEUDO NDE METHODS : TAPPING SURVEY, MICRO DRILL TEST.
• EVALUATING THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL ITS STRENGHT
WITHOUT CAUSING DAMAGE
• REBOUND HAMMER TEST

• ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST USING DIFFERENT DEVICES:

• HIGH VELOCITY SOUND WAVES ARE INTRODUCED INTO THE
MATERIAL AND THEY ARE REFLECTED BACK FROM THE
SURFACE
.

GENERAL MEASURES
 REDUCTION OF UNWANTED LOAD.
 REMOVAL OF NATURAL GROWTH
 INJECTION OF APPROPRIATE GROUTS.
 RE-PLASTERING.
 REPLACING DAMAGED PARTS.
 RECONSTRUCTION.
JJ SCHOOL OF ART
MUMBAI ROOF RECONSTRUCTION

 MATERIALS FOR REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING

THE MONUMENT AND THE HISTORIC BUILDINGS MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN TWO MAIN CATEGORIES:
 HINGED OR ARCTICULATED STRUCTURES WITH DRY JOINTS ( MAINLY CLASSICAL TEMPLES AND
COLONNADES)
 MASONARY BUILDINGS.
 CUT STONE OR MARBLE, RUBBLE,BRICKS,TILES,MORTARS,TIMBER,IRON CLAMPS,CHAINS ETC.

SO RESPECTING THE ORIGINAL FABIC WHILE RESTORING A PARTICULAR MONUMENT IT IS NECESSARY

TO STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF ORIGINAL MATERIAL.
EXAMPLE: LABORATORY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES,ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI
GREECE, A PROJECT HAS LAUNCHED FOR THE CREATION OF DATA BASE FOR BRICKS USED IN
MONUMENT BUILDINGS IN BALKAN REGION.

DIFFICULTIES FACED FOR ATTAINING ORIGINAL MATERIAL:

 DIFFICULTY IN EXTRACTING SAMPLES SUITABLE FOE TESTING,IT IS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO APPLY

MODERN STANDARDS WITHOUT THEIR RADICAL MODIFICATION.
 THERE IS LESS HOMOGENEITY AND UNIFORMITY COMPARING TO A MODERN CONSTRUCTION SO
THAT OVERALL STRENGHT WILL BE LESS PREDICTABLE.
 IN THE REGION OF HIMALAYS THERE IS A LOT OF ALTITUDE VARIATIONS EFFECTING THE MATERIALS
PROPERTIES SO TESTING AND MODIFICATION OF MATERIALS ARE IMPORTANT.
NON-METALLIC MATERIALS : STONE AND MARBLES,BRICKS,MORTAR AND GROUTS,
CONCRETE.

COMMON TYPE OF MORTAR AND GROUTS FOR RESTORATION ARE :

 PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR AND GROUTS
 LIME CEMENT MORTAR AND GROUTS.
 POZZOLANIC MORTARS AND GROUTS.
 EPOXY RESIN MORTARS AND GROUTS.
POZZOLONIC MORTAR AND GROUT HAVE EFFICIENCY FOR RESTORATION OF ROMAN BYZANTINE AND
ISLAMIC MONUMENTS AROUND MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

 METALLIC MATERIALS: WHEN HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH OR PRE STRESSING FORCES ARE
REQUIRED STEEL MUST BE USED INSPITE OF ITS LIABILITY TO CORROSION BECAUSE ALTERNATES LIKE
TITANIUM WOULD BE TOO EXPENSIVE.
MOST USUAL TYPES OF METALLIC ELEMENTS USED FOR STRUCTURAL RESTORATION ARE :
• COATED STEELS
• STAINLESS STEELS
• TITANIUM BARS
 BUILDING ELEMENTS

MASONARY : BRICKS AND STONE CAN DETERIORATE FOR MANY REASONS:

• MOISTURE
• WATER
• IMPROPER CLEANING
• EXPANSION
• POLLUTANT

DO’S FOR REPAIR OF MASONARY:

• RE-POINTING THE JOINTS.
• REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT OF DAMAGED WEAK AND WEATHERED MATERIAL/RECONSTRUCTION.
• DUTCHMAN REPAIR.
• INJECTION OF APPROPRIATE GROUTS.
• INSERTION OF HEADERS THROUGH STONES OR HEADERS.
• REPAINTING WITH COLORS THAT ARE HISTORICALLY APPROPRIATE TO THE BUILDING.
• USING MUD PLSTER AS A SURFACE COATING OVER UNFIRED ABOBE BECAUSE THE MUD PLASTER BOND
TO THE ADOBE.
 WOOD :
• MOISTURE IS THE MAIN ENEMY OF WOOD PROPER
DRAINAGE SHOULD BE PROVIDED SO THAT WATER IS
NOT ALLOWED TO STAND ON FLAT, HORIZONTAL
SURFACES.
• APPLYING CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES TO WOOD.
• RETAINING COATINGS SUCH AS PAINT THAT HELP POTECT
THE WOOD FROM UV LIGHT AND MOISTURE .
• REPAINTING WITH COLOUR THAT ARE APPROPRIATE TO
VICEREGAL LODGE, SHIMLA
HISTORIC BUILDING.

ROOFS :
• CLEANING OF GUTTERS AND DOWNSPOUTS AND
REMOVING DETERIORATED FLASHING.
• ROOF SHEATHING SHOULD BE CHECKED.
• PROVIDING ANCHORGE FOR ROOFING MATERIAL.
• PROTECTING A LEAKING ROOF WITH PLYWOOD AND
BUILDING PAPER.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM :
FOUNDATIONS : IT THE PART OF A BUILDING WHICH
DISTRIBUTES THE LOAD OF ROOF FLOORS AND WALS ON THE
EARTH BELOW.

DO’S FOR PROTECTING AND MAINTANING:

• RCC FOUNDATION JACKETS ARE CONSTRUCTED AROUND THE
MASONARY WALL.
• IT IS CONNECTED TO THE WALL WITH A STEEL TIE.
• THE SUPPORTED SOIL IS GROUTED.
• FOUNDATIONS CAN BE IMPROVED BY ENLARGEMENT OR THE USE
COLUMN WRAPPING
OF LEVERS AND ANCHORAGES AND CONTAINMENTS.

BEAMS AND COLUMNS :

• DECAY IN TIMBER COLUMNS USUALLY OCCURS AS A RESULT OF
DAMPNESS AND INSECT ATTACK CLOSE TO GROUND.

BEAM REPARING
• THE COLUMN REST ON A PAD STONE SET RAISED ABOVE THE GENERAL GROUND LEVEL
REDUCING RISING DAMP AND TERMITE ATTACK.
• CRACKS IN STONE COLUMN AND BEAMS CAN BE INJECTED WITH EPOXY RESIN AND
STRENGHTENED WITH DOWELS OF STAINLESS STEEL.

ARCHES:
• THE REPAIR OF ALL TYPE OF ARCHES MAY INVOLVE TAKING DOWN THE ARCH AND
REBUILTING IT.
• REPAIR BY REBUILDING IS RATER DRASTIC AS IT RELIEVES COMPRESSIVE STRESSES.

ARCH CRACKED BY SPREADING ABUTMENTS ARCH CRACKED BY DIFFERENTAIL SETTLEMENT OF

ONE ABUTMENT
VAULTS:
• IF CRACKS ARE FINE AN EPOXY RESIN FORMULATION IS GOOD BUT FOR LARGE ,NORMAL
MORTAR GROUTS SHOULD BE USED FIRST AND THEN EPOXY RESIN.
STONE MASONARY

TYPES OF BUILDING STONE :

 IGINEOUS
 SEDIMENTARY
 METAMORPHIC

 PROPERTIES OF BUILDING STONES

 POROSITY : BUILDING STONE IS FORMED FROM SOLID PARTICLES OR CRYSTALS OF CARBONATES,

SILICATES,ALUMINATES,OXIDES AND NON CRYSTALLINE SILICATES ARRANGED IN A STRUCTURE WITH EMPTY
SPACES CALLED PORES. PORES CONNECTED TO THE EXTERIOR STONE SURFACE ARE KNOWN AS CAPILLARIES.
 PERMEABILITY : THE PERMEABILITY OF STONE INDICATES ITS ABILITY TO TRANSMIT LIQUID WATER AND
WATER VAPOR . IT IS DETERMINED BY :
• POROSITY OF STONE.
• EXTENT TO WHICH ITS PORES ARE INTERCONNECTED.
 WATER SORPTION : IT IS THE QUANTITY OF WATER IMBIBED BY STONE INTO THE CAPILLARIES AT ROOM
TEMP. CAPILLARIES SMALLER THAN 0.1 pm DON’T ABSORB WATER.
• SEVERAL FORCES LIKE CAPILLARY SUCTION, CONDENSATION,DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS CAUSE WATER
SORPTION IN BUILDING STONE.
 LIVE CASE STUDY:
BAIJNATH TEMPLE
GEOGRAPHY
Baijnath is located at 32.05°N 76.65°E. It has an average elevation of 1,314 metres (4,311 feet). It is a small township in the
Dhauladhar range of western Himalayas, 16 km from Palampur in the Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh.
.Site
The entire complex surrounded by a wall measures 36.5 mt. in length from east to west, 21.10 mt. in width in the east and
19.55 mt. in the west. The main entrance, through stairs, is on the southern side with two shrines having the images of
Ganapati and Kartika on either side