Mekanika Bahan

(Strength of Materials)
Direct Stress, Deformation, and Design
The Big Picture
◼ You will now build on your ability to compute stresses and develop skills in the design of load-carrying
members.
◼ In design, you either specify or determine by calculation a suitable material from which to make the
member, its shape, and the dimensions required to carry a given load safely.
◼ You will consider the design of members under direct stresses: axial tensile stress, axial compressive
stress, bearing stress, and direct shear stress.
◼ You will learn how to select a reasonable design factor, N, and to apply it to the appropriate material
properties to ensure that the member experiences a safe level of stress during its use.
◼ Different kinds of loading will be discussed: static loads, repeated loads, impact, and shock.
◼ You will learn to consider stress concentrations for axially loaded members in which abrupt changes in
cross section occur.
◼ In addition, you will learn how to compute the deformation of axially loaded members due to both stress
and thermal expansion
Objectives of This Chapter
1. Describe the conditions that must be met for satisfactory application of the direct
stress formulas.
2. Define design stress and tell how to determine an acceptable value for it
3. Define design factor and select appropriate values for it depending on the conditions
present in a particular design
4. Discuss the relationship among the terms “design stress,” “allowable stress,”
and“working stress”
5. Discuss the relationship among the terms “design factor,” “factor of safety,”
and“margin of safety”
6. Describe 11 factors that affect the specification of the design factor
7. Describe various types of loads experienced by structures or machine members,
including static load, repeated load, impact, and shock
8. Design members subjected to direct tensile stress, direct compressive stress, and
bearing stress
Direct Stress, Deformation, and Design
DESIGN OF MEMBERS
UNDER DIRECT TENSION OR COMPRESSION
DESIGN OF MEMBERS
UNDER DIRECT TENSION OR COMPRESSION

1. The loaded member must be straight.

2. The loaded member must have a uniform cross section over the
length under consideration.
3. The material from which the member is made must be
homogeneous.
4. The load must be applied along the centroidal axis of the
member so there is no tendency to bend it.
5. Compression members must be short so that there is no
tendency to buckle.
DESIGN NORMAL STRESSES

• Design stress is that level of stress that may be developed in a material while
ensuring that the loaded member is safe
• The design factor N is a number by which the reported strength of a material
is divided to obtain the design stress σd
DESIGN FACTORS
1. Codes and standard
2. Materials strength basis
3. Type of materials
4. Manner of loading
5. Possible misuse part
6. Complexity of stress analysis
7. Environment
8. Size Effect, Sometimes Called Mass Effect
9. Quality Control
10. Hazard Presented by a Failure
11. Cost
12. Market Segment in Which the Part Is to Be Used
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Design Factor Guidelines for Direct Normal Stresses
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case A To Evaluate the Safety of a Given Design
Given
a. The magnitude and type of loading on the component of
interest
b. The material, including its condition, from which the component
is made
c. The shape and dimensions of critical geometry of the
component
Objective
Whether or not the component is reasonably safe
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case A To Evaluate the Safety of a Given Design
1. Identify the kind of stress produced by the given loading.
2. Determine the applicable stress analysis technique.
3. Complete the stress analysis to determine the maximum expected stress, σmax,
in the component.
4. Determine the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and percent elongation
for the material. Decide if the material is ductile (percent elongation > 5%) or
Brittle (percent elongation < 5%).
5. Determine the appropriate design stress relationship. For direct normal stresses
use σd
6. Set σmax = σd and solve for the resulting design factor, N.
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case A To Evaluate the Safety of a Given Design
 DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case B To Specify a Suitable Material from Which to Make a Component
Given
a. The magnitude and type of loading on the component of
interest
b. The shape and dimensions of critical geometry of the
component
Objective
The material, including its condition, from which to make the
component
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case B To Specify a Suitable Material from Which to Make a Component
Method
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case B To Specify a Suitable Material from Which to Make a Component
Method
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case C To Determine the Shape and Dimensions of the Component
Given
a. The magnitude and type of loading on the component of interest
b. The material, including its condition, from which the component is
to be made
Objective
The shape and dimensions of critical geometry of the component
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case C To Determine the Shape and Dimensions of the Component
Method
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case C To Determine the Shape and Dimensions of the Component
Method
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case D To Determine the Allowable Load on a Component
Given
a. The type of loading on the component of interest
b. The material, including its condition, from which the component is to
be made
c. The shape and dimensions of the component
Objective
The allowable load on the component
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case D The allowable load on the component
Method
DESIGN APPROACHES AND GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN FACTORS
Case D The allowable load on the component
Method
METHODS OF COMPUTING DESIGN STRESS

Design Stresses from Selected Codes

ASD

LRFD ΣγiQi ≤ ϕRn

Contoh 1
Problem :
A structural support for a machine will be subjected to a static tensile load of 16.0 kN. It
is planned to fabricate the support from a square rod made from SAE 1020 hot-rolled
steel. Specify suitable dimensions for the cross section of the rod.
Objective :
Specify the dimensions of the cross section of the rod
Given :
F = 16.0 kN = 16 000 N static load.
Material: SAE 1020 HR; sy = 331 MPa; 36% elongation (ductile).
Contoh 1
Analysis:
Use Case C from Section 3–5.
Let σ = σd = sy/2 (Table 3–2; ductile material, static load).
Stress analysis: σ = F/A; then required area = A = F/σd.
But A = a2 (a = dimension of each side of the square).
Minimum allowable dimension: a = A.
Results :
σd = sy/2 = 331 MPa/2 = 165.5 MPa = 165.5 N/mm2
Required area: A = F/σd = (16 000 N)/(165.5 N/mm2) = 96.7 mm2.
Minimum dimension a: a = A = 96.7 mm2 = 9.83 mm.
Specify: a = 10 mm
Contoh 2
Problem :
A tensile member for a roof truss for a building is to carry a static axial tensile load of
19 800 lb. It has been proposed that a standard, equal-leg structural steel angle be
used for this application using ASTM A36 structural steel. Use the AISC code. Specify a
suitable Angle
Objective :
Specify a standard equal-leg steel angle
Given :
• F = 19 800 lb static load.

• Material: ASTM A36; sy = 36 000 psi; su = 58 000 psi.

Contoh 2
Analysis:
• Use Case C from Section 3–5.
• Let σ = σ = 0.60s or σ = 0.50s (Table 3–3).
d y d u

• Stress analysis: σ = F/A; then required area = A = F/σ .

d

Results :
• σd = 0.60sy = 0.60(36 000 psi) = 21 600 psi
• or σd = 0.50su = 0.50(58 000 psi) = 29 000 psi
• Use lower value; σd = 21 600 psi.
• Required area: A = F/σd = (19 800 lb)/(21 600 lb/in.2) = 0.917 in.2.
• This is the minimum allowable area.
• Specify: L 2×2×1/4 steel angle; (lightest section).
• A = 0.944 in.2; weight = 3.21 lb/ft.
Contoh 3
Problem :
• A machine element in a packaging machine is subjected to a tensile load of 36.6 kN
that will be repeated several thousand times over the life of the machine. The cross
section of the element is 12 mm thick and 20 mm wide. Specify a suitable material
from which to make the element
Objective :
• Specify a material for a machine element.

Given :
• F = 36.6 kN = 36 600 N repeated load.

• Cross section of machine element: rectangle; 12 mm × 20 mm.

Contoh 3
Analysis:
• Use Case B from Section 3–5.
• A ductile material is desirable for repeated loading.
• Let σ = σd = su/8 (Table 3–2). Then required su = 8σ.
• Stress analysis: σ = F/A.
• Results :
• Area = A = (12 mm)(20 mm) = 240 mm2
• σ = F/A = (36 600 N)/(240 mm2) = 152.5 N/mm2 = 152.5 MPa
• Required ultimate strength: su = 8σ = 8(152.5 MPa) = 1220 MPa.
• Specify: SAE 4140 OQT 900 steel.
• su = 1289 MPa; 15% elongation; adequate strength, good ductility.
Contoh 4
Problem :
• Figure 3–3 shows a design for the support for a heavy machine that will be loaded in
axial compression. Gray cast iron, grade 20, has been selected for the support.
Specify the allowable static load on the support
Objective :
• Specify a material for a machine element.
Given :
• Material: Gray cast iron, grade 20; su = 80 ksi in compression (Table A–13); material is
• brittle. Assume that the load will be static. The shape of the support is given in Figure
3–3.
• The compression member is short so no buckling occurs.
Contoh 4
Figue 3.3 :
Contoh4
Analysis:
• Use Case D from Section 3–5.
• Stress analysis: σ = F/A; area computed from Figure 3–3.
• Let σ = σd = su/N; use N = 6 (Table 3–2).
• Then, allowable, F = σd (A)
Results :
• σd = su/6 = 80 000 psi/6 = 13 300 psi
• The cross section of the support is the same as the top view. The net area can be
calculated by taking the area of a 3.00 in. × 4.00 in. rectangle and subtracting the area
of the slot and the four corner fillets.
Contoh 4
Results :

The area of each fillet can be computed by the difference between the area of a square
with sides equal to the radius of the corner (0.50 in.) and a quarter circle of the same
radius. Then,
Contoh 4
Results :
Then, the total area is

We now have the data needed to compute the allowable load.

This completes the example problem

ELASTIC DEFORMATION IN TENSION AND
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
ELASTIC DEFORMATION IN TENSION AND
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Contoh 5
Problem :
• The tie-rods in the press in Figure 3–4 are made of the steel alloy SAE 5160 OQT 900.

• Each rod has a diameter of 2.00 in. and an initial length of 68.5 in. An axial tensile load of

• 40 000 lb is exerted on each rod during operation of the press. Compute the deformation of

• the rods. Check also if the strength of the material is adequate.

Objective :
• Compute the deformation of the tie-rods.

Given :
• Rods are steel, SAE 5160 OQT 900; sy = 179 ksi, su = 196 ksi, 12% elongation

• Diameter = D = 2.00 in. Length = L = 68.5 in. Axial force = F = 40 000 lb.
Contoh 5
Figue 3.4 :
Contoh 5
Analysis:
• Equation (3–9) will be used to compute deformation. The stress in the rods must be
Checked to ensure that it is below the proportional limit and safe under repeated
shock loading.
Results :
.
Contoh 5
Results :
• Therefore, the stress is well below the proportional limit.
• For shock loading in a ductile material, Table 3–2 recommends the following design
stress. The percent elongation of 12% is in the ductile range.
σd = su/12 = 196 ksi/12 = 16.33 ksi = 16 330 psi
• Because the actual expected stress is below the design stress, the bar should be safe.
• Axial deformation: Use Equation (3–9). All data are known except the modulus of
elasticity, E. From the footnotes of Appendix A–10, we find E = 30 × 106 psi. Then,
Contoh 6
Contoh 6
Contoh 6