GRL

GRL
Dynamic
Dynamic Pile
Pile testing
testing with
with the
the
Pile
Pile Driving
Driving Analyzer®
Analyzer®

© 1998 Goble Rausche Likins and

Associates and Dr. Julian Seidel
GRL
GRL Summary
Summary

• History of Dynamic Pile Testing

• Measuring stress waves
• Fundamentals of Wave Mechanics
• The Case Method (Pile Driving Analyzer)
– Capacity
– Stresses
– Integrity
– Hammer performance
 History of Dynamic
GRL
GRL Pile Testing/Analysis
18th Century: Closed Form Solutions
Late 19th Century: Engineering News Formula
1920’s: First Strain Measurements
1950: Smith’s Wave Equation Program
1964: Case Project began under Dr. G.G.
Goble
1968: Pile Driving Analyzer ® (PDA)
1970: CAPWAP ®
1972: Pile Dynamics, Inc. founded
1976: WEAP program
1977: Saximeter
1982: Hammer Performance Analyzer
1986: Hammer Performance Study
1989: Pile Integrity Testing (PIT)
1996: FHWA Manual
1998: Pile Installation Recorders (PIR)
1999: Remote PDA
GRL
GRL 1-D
1-D Wave
Wave Theory
Theory

• Hammer causes a downward travelling

stress-wave to enter the pile
• Soil resistance causes stress-wave
reflections
• Stress in pile can be represented by
1-dimensional Wave Theory
• These stress-waves can be measured
and identified with measurement of
force and velocity near the pile top
GRL
GRL
Newtonian Collision Analogy
vv11

m
m11 m
m22

vv11

W1 W2

Pile
Pileis
isaa longitudinally-distributed
longitudinally-distributed mass
mass
Hammer
Hammer is
is aaconcentrated
concentrated mass
mass
““Rigid
Rigidbody”
body” motion
motion assumption
assumption is
is not
not reasonable
reasonable
““Rigid
Rigid body”
body” motion
motion assumption
assumption is
is reasonable
reasonable
Motion
Motionis isdominated
dominated by by stress-wave
stress-wave effects
effects
GRL
GRL Impact on elastic rod
time = dt
dL

F Compressed Zone

Stress,  == F/A
Stress, F/A
Wavespeed,
Wavespeed, cc==dL/dt
dL/dt

Cross-sectional
Cross-sectionalarea,
area,AA
Elastic
Elasticmodulus,
modulus,EE
Mass density, 
Massdensity,
GRL
GRL Particle Velocity

dL

FF F

dx
Particle Speed

dx = F dL Wave Speed
dx = F dL
EA
EA vv == dx
dx == FF dL
dL == FF cc
dt
dt EA EA dt
dt EE A
A
GRL
GRL Wavespeed

aa == dv
dv == dd Fc
Fc FF == ma
ma
dt
dt dt dt EA
EA == dL A
dL A aa
vv == FF cc
EA
EA dL

F
1F == dL
cdL
c22
==A
AEE F
1F cc
c
dt 
dt EE A

A
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional area,
area,AA
Mass
Massdensity,  SI  US
density, 
GRL
GRL Force, velocity, stress and
strain
Particle Speed
Wave Speed Pile Impedance

vv == dd xx == FF dL
dL == Fc
Fc FF == EA
EAvv
dt
dt EA
EA dt
dt EA EA cc
== Zv
Zv

FF ==  == vv EE  ==  == vv
AA cc EE cc
 SI  US
GRL
GRL Force
Force and
and Velocity
Velocity
Measurements
Measurements
2W Accelerometer

Strain transducer
GRL
GRL Measuring stress waves

Strain transducer Accelerometer

GRL
GRL Strain
Strain Transducer
Transducer

C
T
FF == A
A ==  EA
EA

C
T C
T

C
T C
T Strain Transducer

Resistance strain gages connected

T in Wheatstone bridge configuration
C
GRL
GRL Accelerometers
Accelerometers
Piezo-electric
Piezo-electric Piezo-resistive
Piezo-resistive
Accelerometer
Accelerometer Accelerometer
Accelerometer
strain gage mass

spring

mass
cantilever
quartz
crystal

vv ==  a.dt
a.dt
GRL
GRL Sign
Sign Conventions
Conventions

Force:
•Compression - positive (+)
•Tension - negative (-)

Velocity:
•Downward - positive (+)
•Upward- negative (-)
GRL
GRL Infinite Pile
Compressive
stress-wave

x = constant
v(x,t)
F(x,t)
MotionWavespeed,
down pile
Compression = +ve=c+

FF == EA
EAvv
cc
== Zv
Zv
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectionalarea,
area,AA
Elastic
Elasticmodulus,
modulus,EE
GRL
GRL Time domain - infinite pile

Exponential
Decay

FF == EA
EAvv
cc
GRL
GRL Finite pile with free end

+
incident force wave
+F

reflected in opp. sense -

-F

Free End : F = 0
GRL
GRL Direction of Motion

Downward Travelling (incident) Waves

TOP TOE

C V

Force + F=
F= Zv
Zv Velocity +
V
T

Force - Velocity -
GRL
GRL Direction of Motion

Upward Travelling (reflected) Waves

TOP TOE

V C

Velocity - F=-Zv
F=-Zv Force +
V
T

Velocity + Force -
GRL
GRL Finite pile with free end

F-
F+,, v+
x = constant
x = constant
+ +v

+
+v
incident wave pushes pile down

reflected tension wave pulls pile down

Free End : v doubled

GRL
GRL Time Domain - free pile

response response
time = 2L/c
time = 2L/c

Zv

Characteristic tension
F
response - velocity
increases relative to force

 SI  US
GRL
GRL Finite pile on rigid base

+
incident wave pushes pile down
+v

reflected wave pushes pile up -

GRANITE
-v

Fixed End : v = 0
GRL
GRL Finite pile on rigid base
v-
v+,, F+ +C
x = constant
x = constant +F
+F
incident wave pushes pile down
+C
reflected wave pushes pile up

GRANITE
Fixed End : F doubled
GRL Time domain - pile on rigid
GRL base

response response
time = 2L/c
time = 2L/c

Characteristic compression Zv
response - force increases
relative to velocity

 SI  US
GRL
GRL Separation of Waves
Downward Waves Upward Waves

F
F ==F

 ½(F+Zv)
F½

=Zv
(F+Zv)
=Zv 

F
FFF==½
=-Zv
½ (F-Zv)
=-Zv
(F-Zv)

 
 


F=F+F  

E=mc2  SI  US

v=v+v  
GRL
GRL Waves example (SI)

• At impact a 300mmx6mm wall Grade 250 steel pipe

pile achieves a peak velocity of 5.34 m/s, 10m
above ground level. At time 2L/c later, the force
and velocity are measured at 1620 kN and -2.67
m/s. What are the upward and downward waves at
impact and 2L/c later?
Answer
• EA/c = 210,000x5542x10-3/5120= 227 kNs/m
• At impact Fd = 227x5.34 = 1214 kN; Fu = 0 kN
• At 2L/c Fd = ½(1620+227x-2.67) = 507 kN
• At 2L/c Fu = ½(1620-227x-2.67) = 1113 kN


GRL
GRL Waves - pile on rigid base

F,Zv FF== ½(F

½(F --FZv)
Zv)

FF== ½(F
½(F ++ Zv)
Zv)
Zv
GRL
GRL Time of reflection

Total
Total travel
travel distance
distance == 2x
2x Wavespeed
Wavespeed == cc

Reflection
Reflection from
from resistance
resistance atat xx
arrives
arrives at
at pile-top
pile-top at time 2x/c
at time
 SI  US
GRL
GRL Typical pile response

toe response time = 2L/c start of toe response

timing and amount of

separation is a function
of location and extent
of soil resistance

response from shaft only

response from pile base
GRL
GRL Typical pile response

F
F ==½

 ½(F+Zv)
(F+Zv) F 
exponential decay

returning compressive
reflections lift pile-top
force….
...and slow the pile-top
down relative to the
“no resistance” pile

toe response time = 2L/c

GRL
GRL Typical pile response

F
F ==½

 ½(F-Zv)
(F-Zv) F
F ==½

½RR
Rshaft  2F@ 2L/c

upward travelling wave

before 2L/c is related to
the cumulative shaft
resistance
toe response time = 2L/c
GRL
GRL Typical pile response

Upward wave - isolates

response from pile/soil

Q.
Q.Why
Whymay
mayitit be
bepreferable
preferableto
toview
viewdata
dataas
asFF,, FF??

Downward wave - isolates input

from driving system

 SI  US
GRL
GRL Shaft resistance (SI)
Problem:
Problem: Make
Makean an approximate
approximate estimate
estimateof
of the
the
pile
pileshaft
shaft resistance.
resistance.

2340kN; 3.34 m/s

1420kN

• -1.32m/s
Answer:
• Z = 2340/3.34 = 700 kNs/m
• Rshaft @ 2 x Fé@ 2L/c
• Rshaft @ 2x ½(1420-700x-1.32) = 2344 kN

GRL
GRL Conclusion
• Pile driving events can be evaluated using 1-D Wave
Mechanics principles
• Stress-waves cause changes in force and particle
velocity
• Force and velocity are related by the pile impedance
• Waves travelling both up and down a pile can be
separated by F and V measurement
• Soil resistance causes reflections which can be
interpreted to determine extent and location of
resistance
GRL
GRL Case-Goble
Case-Goble Capacity
Capacity
A pile is struck at time t1.
The impact force generates a wave F(down,t1)
L

F( ,t1)
F(,t2)

The impact wave returns to the pile top at time

t2 = t 1+ 2L/c together with all resistance waves
GRL
GRL The
The Case
Case Method
Method Equation
Equation
At time t2 = t1 + 2L/c the upward traveling waves
arriving at the pile top include the reflection of the
initial impact wave plus the sum of all resistances:

F(,t2) = - F( ,t1) + R

Or, rearranging we solve for the resistance:

R = (F2 -v2Z)/2 + (F1 +v1Z)/2

where R is the total pile resistance,

mobilized at a time L/c after t1.
GRL
GRL The
The Case
Case Method
Method Equation
Equation

R
R == ½(F
½(F11 ++ Zv
Zv11 ++ F
F22 -- Zv
Zv22))
F1 and v1 are pile top force and velocity at time 1
F2 and v2 are pile top force and velocity at time 2

Time 2 is 2L/c after Time 1: t2 = t1 + 2L/c

R is the total pile resistance

present at the time of the test,
and mobilized by the hammer impact.
GRL
GRL Case-Goble Static
Resistance
Total Resistance = Static + Dynamic

Rstatic= R - Rdynamic

Need to estimate Rdynamic

(Estimate it from pile velocity)

Jc = ?  SI  US
GRL
GRL Case Damping Factor

• To calculate static from total resistance, a

viscous damping parameter, Jv , is
introduced
R
Rdd == JJvv vv
• Non-dimensionalization leads to the Case
Damping Factor, Jc:

JJcc == JJvv  ZZ 
RRdd == JJcc ZZ vv

Jc = ?
GRL
GRL Case-Goble Static
Resistance
Total Resistance = Static + Dynamic

Rstatic= R - Rdynamic

R
Rss == (1-J
(1-Jcc)[F
)[F11++ Zv
Zv11]/2
]/2 ++ (1+J
(1+Jcc)[F
)[F22 -- Zv
Zv22]/2
]/2

Jc = ?  SI  US
 Case Damping Factor
GRL
GRL Values for RMX
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Gravel 0.3 0.4

Sand 0.4 0.5

Reducing
Reducing Increasing
Increasing
Grain
Grain Size
Size Damping
Damping factor
factor
Silt 0.5 0.7

Clay 0.7 1.0


 Restrike testing - fine
GRL
GRL grained soils

1000 days
100 days
1 day

10 days
capacity

r a bl e
d e s i
a ll y
om ic
E co n
E l e
s ir a b
l y d e
i c a l
e c h n
T
Restrike testing generally under-
taken 1 to 10 days after installation

log time
GRL
GRL Mobilized Resistance

Ultimate Resistance
Resistance, R

Mobilized Resistance

Displacement for
full mobilization
Maximum test
displacement

Displacement,
Displacement, xx
GRL
GRL Resistance:
Rules for good correlation

•Need to Mobilize Capacity

(sufficient set per blow)

• Account for time dependent strength changes

Setup - Capacity increase
Relaxation - Capacity decrease

Therefore, restrike test pile after sufficient wait

using a sufficiently large impact weight
GRL
GRL Capacity
Capacity Results
Results
• GRLWEAP
• by numerical analysis of assumed
pile/hammer/soil prior to installation

• Case Method
• measured by PDA during installation

• CAPWAP
• by numerical analysis of measured
PDA data after installation
 The
The Pile
Pile Driving
Driving Analyzer
GRL
GRL Analyzer
calculates
calculates ...
...
GRL
GRL …
… PDA
PDA Results
Results

• Case Method Bearing Capacity

• Pile Stresses
• Compressive at Top
• Bending at Top
• Tension Below Top
• Compressive at Bottom
• Pile Integrity (Beta)
• Transferred Energy
 PDA RESULTS vs
GRL
GRL GRLWEAP
• CAPACITY
– PDA: from force and velocity records
– GRLWEAP: from analysis and blow count
• TOP STRESSES
– PDA: directly measured
– GRLWEAP: from analysis and blow count
• Note:
Max. Compressive Stress does NOT
always occur at Pile Top