Statistics science dealing with the collection,

organization, analysis and

interpretation of numerical data

Biostatistics refers to the application of

statistical methods to the life
sciences like biology, medicine
and public health
Statistics can be regarded in two ways:

• as a method, it refers to the orderly processes

of data collection, organization, presentation
and interpretation

• as data, it refers to quantitative data affected

to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes;
data are collected in order to measure
something
Fundamental Uses of Statistics

Statistics answer two categories of problems, namely:

• Problems of estimates - mainly concerned with

recognition and quantification of present and
future health problems

• Problems of comparison – mainly resorted to when

diagnosing a health situation, in supervising the
implementation of programs and in evaluating
effectiveness of programs
Classification of Statistical Data

Public health quantitative data needed as basis

statistics for planning, monitoring and
evaluation of health services

Vital statistics refer to data on vital events –

births, deaths and marriages

Health statistics cover a wide variety of numeric

information including data on
morbidity, hospital and clinic
statistics, as well as service
statistics
RA 3753 Law on Registry of Civil Status
Sec. 5. Registration and Certification of Birth. — The
declaration of the physician or midwife in attendance
at the birth or, in default thereof, the declaration of
either parent of the newborn child, shall be sufficient
for the registration of a birth in the civil register.
Such declaration shall be exempt from the
documentary stamp tax and shall be sent to the local
civil registrar not later than thirty days after the birth,
by the physician, or midwife in attendance at the
birth or by either parent of the newly born child.
Any foetus having human features which dies after
twenty four hours of existence completely
disengaged from the maternal womb shall be entered
in the proper registers as having been born and
having died.
RA 3753 Law on Registry of Civil Status
Sec. 6. Death certificate and register. — No human body
shall be buried unless the proper death certificate has
been presented and recorded in the office of the local
civil registrar. The physician who attended the deceased
or, in his default the health officer concerned, or in
default of the latter, any member of the family of the
deceased or any person having knowledge of the death,
shall report the same to the local health authorities, who
shall issue a death certificate and shall order the same
to be recorded in the office of the local civil registrar.

During epidemics, bodies may be buried provided the

proper death certificates have been secured, which shall
be registered not later than five days after the burial of
the body.
 PD 651 REQUIRING THE REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS
AND DEATHS IN THE PHILIPPINES WHICH OCCURED
FROM JANUARY 1, 1974 AND THEREAFTER
Section 5. …Deaths must be reported by the nearest
responsible relative or any person who has knowledge of
the death within 48 hours after death to the local health
officer of the place of death, who shall then issue the
corresponding certificate of death and order its registration in
the office of the local civil registrar within thirty (30) days after
death.
In case the deceased was attended to by a physician, the
latter must issue the necessary certificate of death within
48 hours after death and submit the same to the local health
officer of the place of death, who shall order its registration in
the office of the local civil registrar within the said period of
thirty (30) days after death.
RA 3573 Law on Reporting Communicable
Diseases
• states and requires all individuals and health
facilities to report Notifiable Diseases to
local and national health authorities.
International Form of Medical Certificate or Cause of Death

CAUSE OF DEATH
I
Disease or condition directly (a)__________________________
leading to death1 Immediate Cause

Antecedent causes Due to (b)__________________________

Intervening antecedent cause

Morbid conditions, if any Due to (c)__________________________

giving rise to the above Underlying antecedent cause
cause, stating the
underlying condition last
II
Other significant conditions contributing to the death, but not related to the
disease or condition causing it.
1 This does not mean the mode of dying, e.g. heart failure, asthenia, etc. It means
the disease, injury or complications which caused death.
Uses of Vital Statistics

• Serve as indices of health conditions in

a community or population group

• Serve as bases for hypothesis formulation

and testing, planning, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of health
intervention programs and strategies
Fertility Rates
1. Crude Birth Rate

# of live births
CBR = ------------------------------ x 1000
Midyear population

2. General Fertility Rate

# of live births
GFR = ----------------------------------- x 1000
Midyear population of
women, 15 - 44 years of age
 Fertility Rates
3. Total Fertility Rate is the average number of
children that would be born to a woman over
her lifetime if

• she were to experience the exact current

age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through
her lifetime, and
• she were to survive from birth through the
end of her reproductive life.
TFR is a measure of the fertility of
an imaginary woman who passes through her
reproductive life, subject to all the age-specific
fertility rates for ages 15–44 or 15-49 that were
recorded for a given population in a given year.

TFR (women aged 15-49 years, 2008) = 3.30

 Fertility Rates

CBR = 18/1000 population

TFR = 3.15 births/woman
GFR = 80/1000 women 15-44 age group
doh.gov.ph 2013
 Mortality Rates
1. Crude # of deaths
1. Crude # of deaths
Death CDR
Death Rate CDR = ------------------------------
= ------------------------------ x 1000 x 1000
Rate Midyear
Midyear population
population
2.2. Specific
Specific # ofindeaths
# of deaths a in a
Mortality
Mortality specified group group
specified
Rate SMR = ----------------------------------- x 1000
Rate SMR = ----------------------------------- x 1000
Midyear population of
Midyear population of
the same specified group
the same specified group
3. Cause-of- # of deaths, specified cause
3. Cause-of- Cause-of- # of deaths, specified cause
Death RateCause-of-Death = ------------------------------------ x 1000
Death Rate Death
Rate
Rate = ---------------------------------------- x 1000
Midyear population
Midyear population
 Mortality Rates
1. Crude # of deaths
4. Infant Mortality
Death CDR =Deaths under one year of age
------------------------------ x 1000
Rate IMR = ------------------------------------------ x 1000
Rate Midyear population
# of live births
2. Specific # of deaths in a
5. Maternal # of deaths due to pregnancy,
Mortality
Mortality Rate
specified group
delivery and puerperium
Rate SMR== ---------------------------------------------
MMR ----------------------------------- xx1000 1000
Midyear
# of livepopulation
births of
6. Proportionate the
# ofsame
deaths, specified
specific causegroup
PMR = -----------------------------------------
Mortality Rate Cause-of- # of deaths, specified cause x 100
3. Cause-of-
Death Rate = Total deaths
---------------------------------------- x 1000
Death Rate
Midyear population
Mortality Rates

7.4.Swaroop’s
Infant # ofDeaths
deathsunderamongone 50 year
yearsof age
Index
Mortality and above
IMR = ------------------------------------------ x 1000
Rate SI = -------------------------------------------
# of live births x 100
Total deaths

8.5. Case
Maternal # of#deaths
of deathsfrom due to pregnancy,
a specified cause
Mortality
Fatality delivery and puerperium
CFR = -------------------------------------------------- x 100
Rate
Rate MMR#=of------------------------------------------
cases of the same specific cause x 1000
# of live births

6. Proportionate # of deaths, specific cause

Mortality Rate PMR = ----------------------------------------- x 100
Total deaths
Mortality Rates

7.4.Swaroop’s
Infant # ofDeaths
deathsunderamongone 50 year
yearsof age
Index
Mortality and above
IMR = ------------------------------------------ x 1000
Rate SI = -------------------------------------------
# of live births x 100
Total deaths

8.5. Case
Maternal # of#deaths
of deathsfrom due to pregnancy,
a specified cause
Mortality
Fatality delivery and puerperium
CFR = -------------------------------------------------- x 100
Rate
Rate MMR#=of------------------------------------------
cases of the same specific cause x 1000
# of live births

6. Proportionate # of deaths, specific cause

Mortality Rate PMR = ----------------------------------------- x 100
Total deaths
 Mortality Rates

Crude Death Rate = 5.4/1000 population

Infant Death Rate = 12.5/1000 live births

Maternal Death Rate = 0.9/1000 live births

doh.gov.ph 2013
Morbidity Rates

1. Incidence # of new cases of disease developing

1. Incidence # of new cases of disease developing
Rate from a certain period of time
Rate from a certain period of time
IR = ----------------------------------------------------------- x F
IR = ----------------------------------------------------------- x F
Population at risk of developing the disease
Population at risk of developing
the disease
2. Prevalence # of old and new cases of a disease
Rate PR = -------------------------------------------------- x F
2. Prevalence # of Population
old and new cases of a disease
examined
Rate PR = -------------------------------------------------- x F
Population examined