Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENTED BY :-
MR.SUNNY D. BHOYAR
STUDENT OF :
GOVT.POLYTECNIC
GONDIA
• MULTIPLE ACCESS
• SPREADING SPECTRUM
• CODES IN CDMA
• CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE
• POWER CONTROL
• DIVERSITY
• HAND OFFS
○ TWO METHODS FOR SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION
Subscriber Exchange
Subscriber Exchange
R FDMA
E
U
TDMA
E
C
CDMA
Y
TIME
RK/TR/ALTTC 7 WILL/ overview
CDMA: Code Division Multiple CDMA is a method
in which users occupy the same time and frequency
allocations, and are channelized by unique assigned
codes. The signals are separated at the receiver by using
a correlator that Access
accepts only signal energy from the desired channel.
Undesired signals contribute only to the noise.
A CDMA system uses effective power control process.
Advantages:-
The main advantages of this technology
are:
1. Fast Network deployment.
2. Reduced service interruptions.
3. Low Maintenance & operational cost.
4. Better system coverage flexibility
5. Higher capacity
6. Easy transition to mobile services.
Salient Features of CDMA
• It is an advanced comm. Technology.
• It has Anti-jam and security features.
• Large capacity as compared to other Technology.
like FDMA and TDMA.
• It uses spread spectrum technology.
• Better use of the multipath.
• Frequency Reuse.
Frequency Reuse
In CDMA reuse patterns are not required.
Subscriber in every cell can use the same frequency
at the same time. Subscriber is discriminated from
another by the assignment of a unique code to every
conversation.
In GSM freq. Reuse pattern of 7 is used.
Frequency Bands
Frequency
PROCESSING GAIN
One of the major advantages with an SS system is its
robustness to interference. The system processing
gain Gp quantifies the degree of interference
rejection. The system processing gain is the ratio of
RF bandwidth to the information rate:
Gp =W/R
=1.2288x 106 /9.6 x 103
=128
dBgain =10log 128
10
=21
Spread spectrum principle:
Originally spread spectrum radio technology was
developed for military use to counter the
interference by hostile jamming. The broad
spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise
to”spread spectrum”. A spectrum signal is
generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF)
signal with a code consisting of different pseudo
random binary sequences, which is inherently
resistant to noisy signal environment.
A number of spread spectrum RF signals thus
generated share the same frequency spectrum and
thus the entire bandwidth available in the band will
be used by each of the users using same frequency
at the same time.
On the receive side only the signal energy
with the selected binary sequence code is accepted
and information content is recovered. The other user
signals, whose codes do not match contribute only
the noise and are not “de-spread” back in
bandwidth. This transmission and reception of
signals differentiated by “codes” using the same
frequency simultaneously by a number of users is
known as code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
ORTHOGONAL SPREADING:-
RX
TX
01101001100101100110
USER INPUT
USER OUTPUT
10011
Cell 10011
Cell
10011001100110011001
10011001100110011001
CODE
CODE
User Input 1 0 0 1 1
Fig: Seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
By using this technique we create a set of 64
such codes of 64 bit length which is known as
Walsh codes. All such codes are orthogonal to
each other. The individual subscriber now can
start communication using one of these codes.
These codes are traffic channel codes and are
used for orthogonal spreading of the information in
the entire bandwidth. Orthogonality provides
nearly perfect isolation between the multiple
signals transmitted by the base station.
PN Code Generation
- PN Codes are generated from prime polynomials using
modulo-2 arithmetic.
- State machines generating PN Codes consists of shift
registers & XOR gates.
0 0 1 out
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
FEC
Code symbols
Chips
Spreading code Spreader PSK
generator
Forward Traffic Channel Generation
I PN
9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps Power Wt
1200 bps Control
R=1/2 bit
Rate set 1
Convolutional Block 19.2 ksps
Encoder & Repetition interleaver
Rate set 2 1.2288
14400 bps R=3/4 19.2 Mcps
7200 bps ksps
3600 bps
1800 bps User
Long 1.2288 Mcps
Address 800bps
Code PN decimator decimator
Mask
(ESN)
64:1 24:1
O PN
Reverse Traffic Channel Generation
I PN
9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps Orthogonal
1200 bps R=1/3 Modulation
Rate set 1 307.2
Convolutional Block 28.8 ksps KHz
Data
Encoder & Repetition interleaver Burst
Rate set 2 Rand.
1.2288
14400 bps R=1/2 Mcps
7200 bps
3600 bps
1800 bps User
Long 1.2288 Mcps
Address
Code PN
Mask
(ESN)
O PN
Correlator 1 c
o
m
Correlator 2 b
i
n
Correlator 3 e
r
Searcher
Correlator
T0 T1 T2 T3 DELAY
TAPS
TAP
W0 W1 W2 W3 WEIGHTS
Summing
Circuit
OUTPUT
VOCODER
Disadvantage of Digital Comm. System
Bandwidth expansion of digitally sampled speech
Solution :
Variable rate vocoder
S(t) S(n) P(n)
Speech CDMA
A/D RF
Encoder Modem
Speaker
Hand offs
Softer handoff
Multi sector hand off (Intra BTS)
• Can have upto 3or 6 sectors involved (same cell)
• Voice data is combined at cell and passed as one cell to BSC
• Make before break
Soft handoff
Multi-cell Handoff (Inter BTS)
• Can have upto 3 cells involved (same FA)
• Each cell provides voice data to BSC
• Voice data is selected at SVC to vocoder in BSC
• Make before break
CDMA Capacity
W/R 1 1
N= -------*-----*--------*n *g
Eb/Io d 1+f
Where
N= calls per sector
W= Spread spectrum Bandwidth (1.25 MHz)
R= data rate (9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps)
Eb/Io= Bit energy/ other user interference density (7dB)
d= Voice activity factor (0.4)
f= other interference/ same interference (0.6)
n= loading factor (0.8)
g= reduction for variable power (0.85)
=== 0 ===
Power control in CDMA