Mobile COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION
LECTURE 1
 Wired Vs. Wireless
Communication

Wired Wireless
Each cable is a different channel One media (cable) shared by all
Signal attenuation is low High signal attenuation

No interference High interference

noise; co-channel interference; adjacent
channel interference
Why go Wireless?
Advantages
 Sometimes it is impractical to lay cables

 User mobility

 Cost

 Limitations
 Restricted frequency range
 Standards are often restricted
 Security
 Objectives of Wireless
Systems
 Large Capacity
 Efficient use of Resources (Spectrum)
 Adaptability to traffic density
 Quality of Service
 Affordability
 Mobile Radio Communication
Systems
 Garage door openers
 Remote controllers
 Cordless phones
 Hand held walkie-talkie
 Pagers
 Cell telephones

These systems differ in cost, complexity,

performance and application.
Definitions
 MOBILE
Broadly, it is a radio terminal that can be moved
during operation.

 Difference between MOBILE & PORTABLE

 MOBILE: a radio terminal attached to a high speed

mobile platform. (Cell phone in a fast moving vehicle)
 PORTABLE: a hand-held radio terminal that can be
used by someone at walking speed. (Walkie-talkie or
cordless phone inside a home)
Classification of Mobile Radio
Communication Systems
 Simplex Systems

 Half Duplex Systems

 Full Duplex Systems

Classification of Mobile Radio
Communication Systems
 Simplex Systems: Only one way
communication possible. Messages can be
received but not acknowledged. (paging
systems)

 Half-Duplex Systems: 2 way

communication possible but the same radio
channel used for both transmission and
reception. At any given time a user can only
transmit or only receive information; “Push to
talk” and “release to listen” systems.
Classification of Mobile Radio
Communication Systems
 Full-Duplex Systems: Allow simultaneous
transmission and reception b/w subscriber
and Base Station

 Simultaneous transmission and reception

achieved by:
 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
 Time Division Duplex (TDD)
 Simplex Connection:
Over transmit or receive

Duplex Connection:
simultaneous
transmission and reception
 Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)
 Uses a pair of frequency bands – one for
Forward Channel and another for Reverse
Channel

 Forward Channel: used for transmission of

information from Base Station to Mobile

 Reverse Channel: used for transmission of

information from Mobile to Base Station
 Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)
 FDD provides simultaneous radio transmission
channels for subscriber and Base Station so
that they both may constantly transmit while
simultaneously receiving signals from one
another

 used in analog mobile radio systems

 requires good frequency separation filters
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
 Shares a single radio channel in time;
 a portion of the time is used to transmit
from Base station to mobile
 the remaining time is used to transmit from
mobile to Base Station

 Sensitive to timing
 Used in Digital Systems
 Simplex Systems Example:
Paging Systems
 Used to send a brief message or “page”
to subscriber ( numeric, alphanumeric,
voice message)

 Typically used to notify a subscriber of

the need to call a specific phone
number or travel to a particular location
to receive further instructions
Paging Systems
 A page is sent to a paging subscriber via
“paging system access number”
 The paging system transmits the page
throughout the service area using base
stations which broadcast the page on a radio
carrier

 Paging systems vary in their complexity and

coverage area
Paging Systems
 Full-Duplex Systems Example:
Cordless Telephone Systems
 Wireless connection between a portable
handset and a dedicated Base Station
which is then connected to a dedicated
telephone line with a specific telephone
number on a Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN)
Cordless Telephone Systems

Wireless Link
Fixed Port
PSTN (Base
Station)

Cordless
Handset
Cellular Telephone Systems
 developed by Bell Labs 1960’s-70’s
 It is the subdivision of a relatively large coverage zone into
small cells, each of which reuses portions of the spectrum to
increase spectrum usage

 a system approach, no major technological changes

 few hundred meters in some cities, 10 km at countryside
 each served by base station with lower power transmitter
 Each base station is allocated a portion of the total channels
available to the system
 neighboring cells assigned different groups of channels,
 interference minimized
Cellular Concept
 Cellular telephone systems replaced mobile systems
serving large areas operating with a single base
station and a single high-power transmitter with
many smaller areas (cells), each with its own base
station and low-power transmitter.

 With the cellular concept, each area is further divided

into hexagonal-shaped cells that fit together to form
a honeycomb pattern. The hexagon shape was
chosen because it provides the most effective
transmission by approximating a circular pattern
while eliminating gaps inherently present between
adjacent circles.
Quantum Leap in Mobile Communications:
Single Cell Systems  Cellular Systems

radius
r

Single Cell Cellular

re-use distance
System System
 Frequency Reuse
The process in which the same set of frequencies (channels) can be
allocated to more than one cell, provided cells are separated by sufficient
distance

The idea springs

from the FCC
allocation of
specific channels
for radio or TV
stations in one
region of the
country and then
the reallocation of
exactly the same
channels to
different stations
in completely
different part of
the country
Cellular Telephone Systems
 Provide wireless connection to PSTN for
any user within range of system
 Accommodate large number of users
over a large geographical area, within
limited frequency spectrum
 Provide high quality service comparable
to landline telephone systems
 Basic Cellular System
Components
 Mobile Stations (MS)
 Base Stations (BS)
 Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
 Basic Cellular System
Components
 Mobile stations constitute a transceiver, antenna and
control circuitry maybe mounted in a vehicle or used
as a hand held unit.

 Base stations generally constitute towers supporting

several transmitting and receiving antennas
 BS handles full duplex communication
 Serves a bridge between mobile users in a cell and MSC

 MSC coordinates activities of all BSs and connects all

mobiles in a cellular system to PSTN
Cellular Network Architecture
 Base Station-Mobile
Network

Control
channels
used for
transmission
of call
setup, call
request, call
initiation
and other
control
signals
 Brief Outline of Cellular
Process
 Telephone call placed to mobile user

 Telephone call made by mobile user

 When a cell phone is turned on, it first scans the group of FCC
to determine the one with the strongest BS signal.
 That CC is monitored until the signal drops below a usable value
upon which the cell phone again scans the CCs in search of the
strongest signal.
 CCs are defined and standardized over the entire geographic
area covered and constitute about 5% of the total channels
available in the system. Rest 95% is dedicated to voice and
data traffic.
Telephone Call to Mobile User
 Step 1 – The incoming telephone call to Mobile X is
received at MSC.

 Step 2 – MSC dispatches the requested Mobile

Identification Number (MIN) i.e. telephone number of
Mobile X, to all base stations (BSs) in the cellular
system.

 Step 3 – The BSs broadcast the MIN as a paging

message over the FCC throughout the cellular
system.
Telephone Call to Mobile User
 Step 4 – The mobile receives the paging message
sent by the BS it monitors and responds by
identifying itself over the reverse control channel

 Step 5 – The base station relays the

acknowledgement sent by the mobile and informs
MSC of the handshake

 Step 6 – The MSC instructs the base station to move

the call to an unused voice channel pair within the
cell
Telephone Call to Mobile User
 Step 7 – The BS signals the mobile to
change frequencies to an unused
forward and reverse voice channel pair.

 At that point an alert is transmitted over

the forward voice channel to instruct
the mobile to ring.
Telephone Call to Mobile User
Handover
When a mobile moves into a different
cell while a conversation is in progress,
the MSC automatically transfers the call
to a new channel belonging to the new
base station
 Telephone Call placed by
Mobile User
 Step 1 – When a mobile originates a call, a
call initiation request is sent on the RCC along
with its own phone number (MIN), electronic
serial number (ESN) and phone number of
called party.

 Step 2 – The cell base station receives the

data and sends it to the MSC.
 Telephone Call placed by
Mobile User
 Step 3 – MSC validates the request,
makes connection to the called party
through PSTN and instructs the BS and
mobile to move to an unused FV and
RV channel pair to allow conversation to
begin.
Telephone Call placed by
Mobile User
Call to a mobile user initiated by
a landline subscriber

.
Call initiated by a mobile is
established
Comparison of Mobile Communication
Systems- Mobile Station
Comparison of Mobile Communication
Systems- Base Station