PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION

Host Defenses
– site-specific defenses
– freely circulate
• Definitions
• Infection is defined by the presence of
microorganisms in host tissue or the bloodstream.
– local manifestations
– systemic manifestations
• elevated temperature, elevated white blood cell (WBC)
count, tachycardia, or tachypnea
• systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS)
• sepsis a documented or suspected infection with
some of the findings of SIRS.
• Severe sepsis is characterized as sepsis combined
with the presence of new-onset organ failure.
• Septic shock is a state of acute circulatory failure
identified by the presence of persistent arterial
hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg)
despite adequate fluid resuscitation, without other
identifiable causes
MICROBIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Gram-positive aerobic cocci
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Staphylococcus epidermidis
• Streptococcus pyogenes
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Enterococcus faecium, E.
faecalis
Gram-negative aerobic bacilli
• Escherichia coli
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Proteus mirabilis
• Enterobacter cloacae, E.
aerogenes
• Serratia marcescens
• Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
• Citrobacter freundii
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Xanthomonas maltophilia
Anaerobes
• Gram-positive
• Clostridium difficile
• Clostridium perfringens, C.
tetani, C. septicum
• Peptostreptococcus spp.
• Gram-negative
• Bacteroides fragilis
• Fusobacterium spp.
Other bacteria
• Mycobacterium avium-
intracellulare
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Nocardia asteroides
• Legionella pneumophila
• Listeria monocytogenes
Fungi
• Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger,
A. terreus, A. flavus
• Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Candida albicans
• Candida glabrata, C.
paropsilosis, C. krusei
• Coccidiodes immitis
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Histoplasma capsulatum
• Mucor/Rhizopus
Viruses
• Cytomegalovirus
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Hepatitis A, B, C viruses
• Herpes simplex virus
• Human immunodeficiency
virus
• Varicella zoster virus
• PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF SURGICAL
INFECTIONS