Fuelihng of IC Engine

TOPIC :
FUELING
SYSTEMS OF
IC ENGINE
12/07/2021 1
Topics to be discussed
 What is engine?
 Classification of engines.
 internal combustion engine.
 types of internal-combustion engines.
 Components of ic engines
 Fuel supply systems
 Functional elements
12/07/2021 2
Topics to be discussed
 Components of Internal combustion engine.

 fuel supply system of an internal-combustion
engine
 Fuel Injection System
 Fuel Injection System for diesel engines
 Common rail fuel injection systems for
diesel engines
12/07/2021 3
What is engine?
 Engine is a machine for
converting energy into
motion or mechanical
work. The energy is
usually supplied in the
form of a chemical fuel,
such as oil or gasoline,
steam, or electricity,
and the mechanical
work is most commonly
delivered in the form of
rotary motion of a shaft.
12/07/2021 4
Classification of engines
 Engines are usually classified according to
 The form of energy they utilize, as steam, compressed air, and
gasoline.
 The type of motion of their principal parts, as reciprocating and rotary.
 The place where the exchange from chemical to heat energy takes
place, as internal combustion and external combustion.
 The method by which the engine is cooled, as air-cooled or water-
cooled.
 The position of the cylinders of the engine, as V, in-line, and radial.
 The number of strokes of the piston for a complete cycle, as two-
stroke and four-stroke.
 The type of cycle, as Otto (in ordinary gasoline engines) and diesel.
 And the use for which the engine is intended, as automobile and
airplane engines.
12/07/2021 5
Classification of engines
12/07/2021 6
internal combustion engine
 Internal-Combustion
Engine, any type of machine that
obtains mechanical energy directly from
the expenditure of the chemical energy
of fuel burned in a combustion chamber
that is an integral part of the engine.
12/07/2021 7
Internal combustion engine
 The principle behind any reciprocating
internal combustion engine: If you put a tiny
amount of high-energy fuel (like gasoline) in
a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an
incredible amount of energy is released in
the form of expanding gas. You can use that
energy to propel a potato 500 feet. In this
case, the energy is translated into potato
motion.
12/07/2021 8
types of internal-combustion engines
 Four principal types of internal-

combustion engines are in general use:
 The Otto-cycle engine.

 The diesel engine.
 The rotary engine.
 And the gas turbine.
12/07/2021 9
Components of Internal combustion
engine
 The essential parts of Otto-cycle and diesel engines are the
same.
 The combustion chamber consists of a cylinder, usually fixed,
that is closed at one end and in which a close-fitting piston
slides. The in-and-out motion of the piston varies the volume
of the chamber between the inner face of the piston and the
closed end of the cylinder.
 The outer face of the piston is attached to a crankshaft by a
connecting rod. The crankshaft transforms the reciprocating
motion of the piston into rotary motion.
 Crankshafts have heavy flywheels and counterweights, which
by their inertia minimize irregularity in the motion of the shaft.
An engine may have from 1 to as many as 28 cylinders.
12/07/2021 10
engine
 Valves
The intake and exhaust valves open at the
proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out
exhaust. Note that both valves are closed during
compression and combustion so that the
combustion chamber is sealed.
 Spark plug
The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites
the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can
occur. The spark must happen at just the right
moment for things to work properly.
12/07/2021 11
engine
 Piston
A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up
and down inside the cylinder.
 Piston rings
Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer
edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder.
The rings serve two purposes:
They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the
combustion chamber from leaking into the sump
during compression and combustion.
They keep oil in the sump from leaking into the
combustion area, where it would be burned and lost.
12/07/2021 12
engine
 Connecting rod
The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft.
It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as
the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.
 Crankshaft
The crankshaft turns the piston's up and down motion
into circular motion just like a crank on a jack-in-the-box
does.
 Sump
The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some
amount of oil, which collects in the bottom of the sump
(the oil pan).
12/07/2021 13
fuel supply system of an internal-combustion
engine. General view
 In most engines with a carburetor, vaporized fuel is conveyed to the
cylinders through a branched pipe called the intake manifold and, in
many engines, a similar exhaust manifold is provided to carry off the
gases produced by combustion. The fuel is admitted to each cylinder
and the waste gases exhausted through mechanically operated
poppet valves or sleeve valves. The valves are normally held closed
by the pressure of springs and are opened at the proper time during
the operating cycle by cams on a rotating camshaft that is geared to
the crankshaft. By the 1980s more sophisticated fuel-injection
systems, also used in diesel engines, had largely replaced this
traditional method of supplying the proper mix of air and fuel. In
engines with fuel injection, a mechanically or electronically controlled
monitoring system injects the appropriate amount of gas directly into
the cylinder or inlet valve at the appropriate time. The gas vaporizes
as it enters the cylinder. This system is more fuel efficient than the
carburetor and produces less pollution.
12/07/2021 14
Working of valves in 4-Stroke IC engine/
Otto-cycle engine
12/07/2021 15
Working of valves in 4-Stroke IC engine/ Otto-
cycle engine
12/07/2021 16
Working of valves in 4-Stroke IC engine/
Otto-cycle engine
12/07/2021 17
What is fuel system?
 The function of the fuel system is to store
and supply fuel to the cylinder chamber
where it can be mixed with air, vaporized,
and burned to produce energy. The fuel,
which can be either gasoline or diesel is
stored in a fuel tank. A fuel pump draws
the fuel from the tank through fuel lines
and delivers it through a fuel filter to either
a carburetor or fuel injector, then delivered
to the cylinder chamber for combustion.
12/07/2021 18
fuel system
12/07/2021 19
Function of fuel system
 The function of fuel system is to supply the engine with fuel
in qualities exactly metered in proportion to the power
required and timed with utmost accuracy, so that the engine
will deliver that power within the limits prescribed for fuel
consumption, exhaust smoke, noise and exhaust emissions.
 The fuel must be injected through suitable nozzles at
pressures high enough to cause the required degree of
atomization in the combustion chamber and to ensure that it
mixes with sufficient air for complete combustion in the
cycle time available.
 In multi cylinder engines the periods of injection, the timing
and the delivered quantity must be accurately metered to
ensure an even balance between the cylinders.
12/07/2021 20
Fuel system
 . In the past, fuel
metering on automotive engines was usually
performed by a carburetor. However, this device has
been largely replaced by fuel injection into the intake
manifold or ports, which increases fuel economy and
efficiency while lowering exhaust gas emissions.
Various types of fuel management systems are used
on automotive engines, including electronically
controlled feedback carburetors, mechanical
continuous fuel
injection, and sequential electronic fuel injection.
12/07/2021 21
Objectives of the Injection System
 The injection system of the compression

ignition engine should fulfill the following
objectives consistently and precisely:
1. Meter the appropriate quantity of fuel,
as demanded by the speed of, and the
load on, the engine at the given time.
2. Distribute the metered fuel equally
among cylinders in a multi-cylinder
engine.
3. Inject the fuel at the correct time (with
respect to crank angle) in the cycle.
12/07/2021 22
Objectives of the Injection System
4. Inject the fuel at the correct rate (per

unit time or crank angle degree).
5. Inject the fuel with the correct spray
pattern and sufficient atomization as
demanded by the design of the
combustion chamber, to provide proper
penetration also.
6. Begin and end injection sharply without
dribbling or after injection.
12/07/2021 23
functional elements
 To accomplish these objectives, a number of
functional elements are required. These
constitute together, the fuel injection system
of the engine. These elements are as follows.
 Pumping elements to transfer the fuel from
the tank to the cylinder, along with the
associate piping and hardware.
 Metering elements to measure and supply
the fuel at the rate as desired by the speed
and load conditions prevailing.
12/07/2021 24
functional elements
 Metering controls to adjust the rate of the
metering elements for changes in load
and speed of the engine.
 Distributing elements to divide the
metered fuel equally among the cylinders
in a multi cylinder engine.
 Timing controls to adjust the start and
stop of injection.
 Mixing elements to atomize and distribute
the fuel within the combustion chamber
12/07/2021 25
components of fuel supply system of an internal-combustion
engine.
 The fuel supply system of an internal-
combustion engine consists of
 Fuel Tank
 Fuel Lines
 Fuel Pump
 Fuel Filters
 And a device, Atomizer, for vaporizing or
atomizing the liquid fuel. In Otto-cycle engines
this device is either a carburetor or, more
recently, a fuel-injection system.
12/07/2021 26
components of fuel supply system of an internal-
combustion engine.
 Fuel tank stores the fuel for engine.
 Tank location and design are always a compromise with available space.
Most automobiles have a single tank located in the rear of the vehicle.
 Fuel tanks today have internal baffles to prevent the fuel from sloshing
back and forth. If you hear noises from the rear on acceleration and
deceleration the baffles could be broken.
 All tanks have a fuel filler pipe, a fuel outlet line to the engine and a vent
system.
 All catalytic converter cars are equipped with a filler pipe restrictor so
that leaded fuel, which is dispensed from a thicker nozzle, cannot be
introduced into the fuel system.
 All fuel tanks must be vented. Before 1970, fuel tanks were vented to the
atmosphere, emitting hydrocarbon emissions. Since 1970 all tanks are
vented through a charcoal canister, into the engine to be burned before
being released to the atmosphere. This is called evaporative emission
control.
12/07/2021 27
components of fuel supply system of an
internal-combustion engine.
12/07/2021 28
12/07/2021 29
 Steel lines and flexible hoses carry

the fuel from the tank to the engine.
 When servicing or replacing the steel
lines, copper or aluminum must never
be used. Steel lines must be replaced
with steel. When replacing flexible
rubber hoses, proper hose must be
used.
12/07/2021 30
12/07/2021 31
 A fuel pump is the device that transfers fuel from

the fuel tank into an internal combustion engine.
 A fuel pump is an essential component on a car or
other internal combustion engine device. Fuel has
to be pumped from the fuel tank to the engine and
delivered under low pressure to the carburetor or
under high pressure to the fuel injection system.
Some fuel injected engines have two fuel pumps
for this purpose: one low pressure/high volume
supply pump in the tank and one high
pressure/low volume pump on or near the engine.
12/07/2021 32
 In earlier cars built before the late 1970s, the pump

was mechanically driven by a lobe on the engine's
camshaft and therefore bolted to the engine block.
It created negative pressure to "suck" the gasoline
through the lines. However, the negative pressure
from the pump, in combination with heat from the
engine and/or hot weather, could cause the
gasoline to boil. The fuel pump, designed to pump
liquid, not vapor, would be unable to suck more
gasoline to the engine, which would cut out. This
condition is known as "vapour lock".
12/07/2021 33
12/07/2021 34
 types of fuel pump
 Two types of fuel pumps are used in
automobiles:
1. Mechanical
2. Electric
12/07/2021 35
 Mechanical fuel pump

 Carbureted cars use mechanical fuel pumps.
 Mechanical fuel pumps are diaphragm pumps,
mounted on the engine and operated by an
eccentric cam usually on the camshaft. A
rocker arm attached to the eccentric moves up
and down flexing the diaphragm and pumping
the fuel to the engine.
 While mechanical pumps operate on pressures
of 4-6 psi (pounds per square inch).
12/07/2021 36
12/07/2021 37
 Electric fuel pump
 All fuel injected cars today use electric fuel pumps.
 Electric pumps do not depend on an eccentric for
operation, they can be located anywhere on the
vehicle. In fact they work best when located near the
fuel tank.
 Electric pumps can operate on pressures of 30-40 psi.
 Current is supplied to the pump immediately when the
key is turned. This allows for constant pressure on the
system for immediate starting. Electric fuel pumps can
be either low pressure or high pressure.
12/07/2021 38
12/07/2021 39
 Fuel Pump Safety

 It creates positive pressure in the fuel lines, pushing the gasoline
to the engine. The higher gasoline pressure raises the boiling
point. Placing the pump in the tank puts the component least
likely to handle gasoline vapor well (the pump itself) farthest from
the engine, submersed in cool liquid. Another benefit to placing
the pump inside the tank is that it is less likely to start a fire.
Though electrical components (such as a fuel pump) can spark
and ignite fuel vapors, liquid fuel will not explode and therefore
submerging the pump in the tank is one of the safest places to
put it. In most cars, the fuel pump delivers a constant flow of
gasoline to the engine; fuel not used is returned to the tank. This
further reduces the chance of the fuel boiling, since it is never
kept close to the hot engine for too long.
12/07/2021 40
 Operating a Fuel Pump

 The fuel pump is generally on whenever the car's
ignition switch is in the "on" position. Depressing the
gas pedal results in the throttle body opening on the
engine (metering the air going in) rather than
engaging the fuel pump. The ignition switch does not
carry the power to the fuel pump, instead it activates
a relay which will handle the higher current load. It is
common for the fuel pump relay to become oxidized
and cease functioning; this is much more common
than the actual fuel pump failing.
12/07/2021 41
 Fuel Pumps in an Accident

 Some cars with an electronic control unit have
safety logic that will shut the electric fuel pump
off even if the ignition is "on" if there is no oil
pressure, either due to engine bearing damage
or a stalled engine in a car accident. In case of
an accident this will also prevent fuel leaking
from any ruptured fuel line. Other cars have an
additional roll over valve, that will shut off the
fuel pump in case the car rolls over.
12/07/2021 42
 The fuel filter is the key to a properly functioning fuel
delivery system. This is more true with fuel injection than
with carbureted cars.
 Fuel injectors are more susceptible to damage from dirt
because of their close tolerances, but also fuel injected cars
use electric fuel pumps.
 When the filter clogs, the electric fuel pump works so hard
to push past the filter, that it burns itself up. Most cars use
two filters.
 One inside the gas tank and one in a line to the fuel
injectors or carburetor. Unless some severe and unusual
condition occurs to cause a large amount of dirt to enter the
gas tank, it is only necessary to replace the filter in the line.
12/07/2021 43
12/07/2021 44
Fuel system
12/07/2021 45
 Atomization is conversion of bulk liquid into a

spray or mist (i.e. collection of drops), often by
passing the liquid through a nozzle. Despite the
name, it does not imply that the particles are
reduced to atomic sizes.
 An atomizer is an atomization apparatus;
carburetors, airbrushes, misters, and spray
bottles are only a few examples of atomizers
used ubiquitously. In internal combustion
engines, fine-grained fuel atomization is
instrumental to efficient combustion.
12/07/2021 46
 Carburetor, device that mixes fuel and air for burning in an
internal-combustion engine. A carburetor atomizes (converts into
a vapor of tiny droplets) liquid gasoline. An airflow carries the
atomized gasoline to the engine’s cylinders, where the gas is
ignited.
 The carburetor has been part of internal-combustion engines
since the beginning of the 20th century. In most passenger
vehicles and light trucks built since 1985 the carburetor has been
replaced by fuel injection, a more efficient, computer-controlled
method of injecting fuel into the engine. Diesel engines, because
of their design, have always used fuel injection instead of
carburetors. Carburetors today are found only on older gasoline
engines in cars and trucks. They are still common in boat
engines, aircraft engines, and some sports vehicles, including
jet-skis and motorcycles.
12/07/2021 47
12/07/2021 48
 functions OF Carburetor
1) it combines gasoline and air creating
a highly combustible mixture.
2) it regulates the ratio of air and fuel.
3) it controls the engine's speed
12/07/2021 49
 A carburetor basically consists of an open pipe, the
carburetor's "throat" or "barrel", through which the air passes.
The pipe is in the form of a venturi - it narrows in section and
then widens again.
 Just after the narrowest point is a butterfly valve or throttle - a
rotating disc that can be turned end-on to the airflow, so as to
hardly restrict the flow at all, or can be rotated so that it
(almost) completely blocks the flow of air.
 This valve controls the flow of air through the carburetor throat
and thus the quantity of air/fuel mixture the system will deliver.
This in turn affects the engine power and speed. The throttle is
connected, via a Bowden cable or a set of rods and ball joints,
to the accelerator pedal on a car or the equivalent control on
other vehicles or equipment.
12/07/2021 50
 Throttle Valve
 A throttle valve at the base of the carburetor controls the
amount of air pulled through the engine by the partial vacuum in
the pistons. The driver opens the throttle valve by pressing
down on the accelerator (gas pedal). As the valve opens wider,
more air flows through the carburetor, delivering larger amounts
of fuel to the engine. The driver closes the throttle valve by
decreasing pressure on the gas pedal.
 Float Bowl
 The fuel that enters the carburetor is stored in a reservoir called
a float chamber or float bowl. A device that floats on the
reservoir’s surface is linked to a small valve, which keeps a
constant amount of fuel in the reservoir.
12/07/2021 51
12/07/2021 52
 Venturi
 Carburetors pull fuel into the airflow using a principle called
Bernoulli’s effect, named for Dutch-born Swiss scientist Daniel
Bernoulli. Bernoulli discovered that pressure in a fluid decreases
as its velocity increases. Italian physicist Giovanni Venturi (1746-
1822) designed a specialized type of passageway for fluids based
on Bernoulli’s effect. A carburetor has such a passageway, called a
venturi, in its throat.
 The venturi is a narrowing of the carburetor’s throat and makes the
throat look a little like an hourglass—narrow in the middle and
wider at the ends. Air rushing through the narrow part speeds up.
At the same time, air pressure against the sides of the passageway
decreases, creating a partial vacuum inside the throat. This partial
vacuum draws fuel through the nozzle and into the air.
12/07/2021 53
 The workings of the Venturi to speed the flow of

fuel
 A fluid passing through smoothly varying
constrictions is subject to changes in velocity
and pressure, as described by Bernoulli's
principle. A Venturi is a system for speeding the
flow of the fluid, by constricting it in a cone-
shaped tube. They are found in many
applications where the speed of the fluid is
important, and form the basis of devices like a
carburetor.
12/07/2021 54
 Venturis are also used to measure the speed

of a fluid, by measuring pressure changes
from one point to another along the venturi.
Placing a liquid in a U-shaped tube and
connecting the ends of the tubes to both ends
of a venturi is all that is needed. When the
fluid flows though the venturi the pressure in
the two ends of the tube will differ, forcing the
liquid to the "low pressure" side. The amount
of that move can be calibrated to the speed of
the fluid flow.
12/07/2021 55
 Venturi are more expensive to construct than a simple orifice

plate which uses the same principle as a Venturi, but the
orifice plate causes significantly more permanent energy loss
and is less accurate.
 A venturi can also be used to mix a fluid with air. If a pump
forces the fluid through a tube connected to a system
consisting a venturi to increase the water speed (the diameter
decreases), a short piece of tube with a small hole in it, and
last a venturi that decreases speed (so the pipe gets wider
again), air will be sucked in trough the small hole because of
changes in pressure, and at the end of the system a mixture
of fluid and air will appear.
 To avoid undue drag, a venturi typically has an entry cone of
30 degrees and an exit cone of 5 degrees.
12/07/2021 56
 Idle and Transfer Ports

 In addition to the main nozzle in the venturi portion of the
carburetor, two other nozzles, or ports, deliver fuel to the
engine. The idle port is located below the venturi and
allows the engine to get fuel when airflow through the
carburetor is minimal, such as when the engine is idling at
a low speed. An off-idle or transfer port located just above
the idle port delivers additional fuel at low engine speeds.
Fuel from these two ports is drawn into the cylinders by
engine vacuum. The two ports supply enough fuel to keep
the engine running at slow speeds. Fuel from the main
nozzle is necessary to run the engine at normal operating
speeds.
12/07/2021 57
 AIR-FUEL RATIO
 A carburetor can be adjusted to mix larger or smaller amounts of air
with the fuel. An idling engine at normal operating temperature
requires an air-to-fuel ratio of about 15-to-1 (by weight) to
completely burn the fuel. Raising or lowering the air ratio makes the
mix either lean (containing less fuel) or rich (containing more fuel). A
lean mixture produces a cleaner, hotter combustion for cruising
speeds, but not enough fuel for starting the engine efficiently or
allowing it to produce more power. A rich mixture is easier for the
engine to burn, but produces more pollutants as byproducts.
 The carburetor is adjusted to provide a rich mixture for cold engine
starts because the rich mixture burns easier and longer. As the
engine warms up, the carburetor alters the air-fuel ratio for a leaner
mixture.
12/07/2021 58
 CHOKE AND COLD STARTS

 The choke is a device that can partially block air
from getting into the carburetor. If the throttle valve
is open and the choke valve is closed, the vacuum
from the engine is strong enough inside the
carburetor to draw fuel from all three nozzles. This
added fuel produces a rich air-fuel ratio to help a
cold engine get started. Once the engine is warm,
the choke is shut off. Early automobiles had
manually operated chokes. The process eventually
became automatic and electronically controlled.
12/07/2021 59
 Carburetor adjustment
 Too much fuel in the fuel-air mixture is referred to as too "rich"; not enough
fuel is too "lean". The "mixture" is normally controlled by adjustable screws
on an automotive carburetor or a pilot-operated lever on a propeller aircraft
(since mixture is air density (altitude) dependent). The correct air to petrol
ratio is 14.6:1, meaning that for each weight unit of petrol, 14.6 units of air
will be burned. Carburetor adjustment can be checked by measuring the
carbon monoxide and oxygen content of the exhaust fumes. A more
sophisticated way to determine correct mixture, as used in modern fuel
injected engines, is by using a lambda sensor in the exhaust system. The
lambda sensor output is fed to the engine management system that in turn
will adjust the amount of injected fuel.
 The mixture can also be judged by the state and color of the spark plugs:
black, dry sooty plugs indicate a too rich mixture, white to light grey
deposits on the plugs indicate a lean mixture. The correct color should be
a brownish grey.
12/07/2021 60
 How a carburetor mixes fuel and air?
 When the piston moves down the cylinder on the intake stroke
it draws air from the cylinder and intake manifold. A vacuum is
created that draws air from the carburetor. The airflow through
the carburetor causes fuel to be drawn from the carburetor
through the intake manifold past the intake valves and into the
cylinder. The amount of fuel mixed into the air to obtain the
required air to fuel ratio is controlled by the venturi or choke.
When air flows through the venturi its speed increases and the
pressure drops. This causes the fuel to be sucked into the air
stream from a hole or jet. When the engine is at idle or at rapid
acceleration there is not enough air passing through the
venturi to draw fuel. To overcome these problems other
systems are used.
12/07/2021 61
12/07/2021 62
 Delivering gasoline to the carburetor

 Gasoline is delivered to the carburetor by the fuel
pump and is stored in the fuel bowl. To keep this
level of fuel stored in the bowl constant under all
conditions a float system is used. A float operated
needle valve and seat at the fuel inlet is used to
control the fuel level in the bowl. If the fuel level
drops below a certain level the float lowers and
opens the valve letting more fuel in. When the
float rises it pushes the inlet valve against the
seat and shuts off the flow of fuel into the bowl.
12/07/2021 63
 Controlling the speed of the engine

 The throttle controls the speed of the engine by
controlling the amount of air fuel allowed in the
engine. The throttle is a butterfly valve located
after the venturi and is opened by pressing on
the gas pedal. The farther the valve is opened
the more air/fuel mixture is let into the engine
and the faster the engine runs. At low engine
speeds when the throttle is only open a little
there is not enough air flow to pull in fuel.
12/07/2021 64
 Handling low speeds

 When the engine is idle there is very little air flowing through
the venturi because the throttle valve is closed. The idle port
allows the engine to operate under this condition. Fuel is
forced through the idle port because of a pressure differential
between air in the fuel bowl and vacuum below the throttle
valve. Idle fuel mixture is controlled by an adjustable needle
valve.
 Handling high speeds
 At higher engine speeds more fuel is drawn from the main
nozzle. Fuel comes from the fuel bowl through the fuel nozzle
and into the throat of the carburetor where it mixes with air.
12/07/2021 65
 The carburetor under high engine load

 Higher engine loads demand more fuel. The carburetor
handles this by increasing the amount of fuel through
the power valve controlled by the intake manifold
vacuum. Manifold vacuum travels from the base of the
carburetor to the power valve through a passage. The
manifold vacuum under normal running conditions
holds the valve closed because the vacuum is at its
greatest. As the engine load is increased the vacuum
drops and the power valve starts to open. The valve
will be completely opened when the engine is under a
heavy load resulting in very low vacuum.
12/07/2021 66
 The carburetor during engine acceleration

 When an engine initially accelerates the balance
of air and fuel is thrown off balance because fuel
is heavier than air. This results in more air than
fuel, an overly lean mixture. To solve this, the
accelerator pump is used to supply more fuel to
the engine. This maintains the balance until the
fuel air ratio reaches proper levels. The
accelerator pump is operated by a linkage and
does not rely on vacuum to operate.
12/07/2021 67
 The carburetor under cold engine starting
conditions
 Cold engine starting uses more fuel because the fuel is not fully
vaporized due to less air in the carburetor. To increase the amount of fuel
during starting the choke plate is used. When the choke plate is closed
the vacuum in the carburetor increases and pulls more fuel from the fuel
nozzle and both the idle ports. The choke is usually thermostatically
controlled but can be controlled manually. Once the engine gets started
the amount of extra gas for starting needs to reduced. This is done by
using the vacuum in the intake manifold, which pulls the choke partially
opened to stop too much gas from flowing in the engine and allowing
more air flow while the engine starts. As the engine warms up the
thermostat control of the carburetor opens the plate until the engine
reaches normal temperature. At normal running engine temperature, the
plate will be fully open.
12/07/2021 68
 types of carburetors
 There are two types of carburetors:
1. Fixed choke
2. Constant depression
12/07/2021 69
 Fixed choke carburetors

 Fixed choke carburetors, makes the varying air
pressure in the venture alter the fuel flow; this is
the common downdraft carburetor found on
American and most Japanese cars.
12/07/2021 70
 Constant depression carburetors

 The constant depression carburetors vary the airflow
to change the fuel jet opening witch in turn altars the
fuel flow. A vacuumed operated piston connected to a
tapered needle, which slides inside the fuel jet, does
this. The most common variable choke (constant
depression) type carburetor is the side draft SU
carburetor, which was simple in principle to adjust
and maintain. This rose to a position of domination in
the UK car market for that reason. Other similar
designs are used on some European and a few
Japanese automobiles
12/07/2021 71
 Carburetor is also categories as
 Natural or side draft

 Updraft
 Downdraft
12/07/2021 72
 Natural Draft
Carburetor
 This carburetor is
used where there
is little space on
top of the engine.
The air horizontally
into the manifold.
12/07/2021 73
 Updraft
Carburetors
 This type is placed
low on the engine
and use a gravity
fed-fuel supply. In
other words, the
tank is above the
carburetor and the
fuel falls to it
12/07/2021 74
 Updraft Carburetors
 Even this carburetor uses gravity to receive
the fuel from the tank, the air-fuel mixture
must be forced upward into the engine.
12/07/2021 75
 Downdraft
Carburetors
 This carburetor
operates with
lower air velocities
and larger
passages. This is
because gravity
assists the air-fuel
mixture flow to the
cylinder.
12/07/2021 76
 Down-draft
Carburetors
 The downdraft
carburetor can
provide large
volumes of fuel
when needed
for high speed
and high power
output.
12/07/2021 77
Fuel Injection System
 Fuel-Injection System, method of delivering fuel to an
 In a fuel-injection system, electronically controlled fuel
injectors spray measured amounts of fuel into each of the
engine’s cylinders where the fuel is burned, powering the
engine.
 Modern, computer-operated fuel injection produces more
power, lower exhaust emissions, improved fuel economy,
and smoother operation than a carburetor system.
 Fuel injection began replacing the carburetor during the
1980s and is now the fuel-delivery system for virtually all
new automobiles. Fuel injection has always been the
standard fuel-delivery system for diesel engines.
12/07/2021 78
12/07/2021 79
 The fuel injection may be purely mechanical, purely
electronic or a mix of the two. Early systems were
mechanical but from about 1980 onward more and more
systems were completely electronic. By the middle of the
decade, nearly all new passenger vehicles were equipped
with electronic fuel injection. The 1990 Subaru Justy was
the last passenger car sold in the United States with a
carburettor.
 The modern electronic systems that cars are equipped
with today utilise a number of sensors to monitor engine
conditions, and an electronic control unit (ECU) to
accurately calculate the needed amount of fuel. Thus fuel
injection can increase fuel efficiency and reduce pollution.
12/07/2021 80
 History
 Frederick William Lanchester joined the Forward Gas Engine Company
Birmingham, England in 1889. He carried out what were possibly the
earliest experiments with fuel injection. Fuel injection has been used in
diesel engines since the mid 1920s, almost from their introduction (due
to the higher energy required for diesel to evaporate). It was adapted
for use in petrol-powered aircraft during World War II and a system
developed by Bosch was first used in a car in 1955 with the introduction
of the Mercedes-Benz 300SL. An electronic fuel injection system was
also developed by the Bendix Corporation.
 Fuel injection became widespread with the introduction of electronically
controlled fuel injection systems in the 1980s and the gradual tightening
of emissions and fuel economy laws. Meeting modern emissions
standards whilst retaining acceptable performance would be impossible
without it. In addition, the development of microprocessor technology
made it possible to control the amount of fuel injected precisely.
12/07/2021 81
 Comparison with carburetor
 As in a traditional carburetor, fuel is converted to a fine spray and

mixed with air. However, where a traditional carburetor forces the
incoming air through a venturi to pull the fuel into the air stream, a
fuel injection system forces the fuel through nozzles under
pressure to inject the fuel into the air stream without requiring a
venturi.
 The use of a venturi reduces volumetric efficiency by
approximately 15%, which results in a reduction in engine power.
Thus, a fuel injection system increases the power that an engine
with the same engine displacement will produce. Additionally, fuel
injection allows for more precise control over the mixture of fuel
and air, both in proportion and in uniformity.
12/07/2021 82
 COMPONENTS
 The components of a fuel-injection system include injectors that
atomize (spray a cloud of tiny droplets) fuel, a pump that delivers
fuel from a storage tank to the injector, a variety of sensors
throughout the vehicle, and a computer, generally called an
electronic control module (ECM).
 The sensors monitor the engine, transmission, air-intake, exhaust,
vehicle speed, fuel flow, and many other things that affect engine
performance.
 The ECM uses this information to control fuel supply, the timing of
fuel injections, and the mix of fuel and air in the engine’s
combustion chambers.
 Modern ECMs also control the engine’s ignition system, which
ignites fuel in the combustion chambers at precisely timed intervals
to operate the engine efficiently.
12/07/2021 83
 Fuel injector
 A typical injector has a nozzle, a needle valve that blocks the opening
in the nozzle by protruding from it, and a compression spring.
 A pump controlled by the ECM shoots fuel into the injector with
enough pressure to compress the spring. This pressure lifts the needle
valve, which opens the nozzle.
 In another type of injector, the nozzle’s opening is blocked by a small
ball held in place by a plunger. The ECM controls a magnetic switch
that pulls the plunger upward and lets fuel spray past the ball into the
combustion chamber. Another signal from the ECM pushes the
plunger, which pushes the ball into place and stops the flow of fuel.
 An ECM opens the injector nozzle, holds it open, and closes it after a
precise interval, more than 1000 times per minute at highway speeds.
12/07/2021 84
12/07/2021 85
12/07/2021 86
 Throttle-body injection
 Electronic throttle-body injection (normally called
TBI, though Ford used the abbreviation, CFI)
was introduced in the early 1980s as a transition
technology to fully-electronic port injection. The
system injects fuel into the throttle-body (a wet
system), so fuel can condense and cling to the
walls of the intake system, harming emissions.
Computer-controlled TBI was inexpensive and
simple, however, and lasted well into the 1990s.
12/07/2021 87
 Central port injection
 General Motors developed a new "in-
between" technique called central port
injection or CPI. It uses tubes from a
central injector to spray fuel at the intake
port rather than the throttle-body (it is a
dry system). However, fuel is continuously
injected to all ports simultaneously, which
is less than optimal.
12/07/2021 88
12/07/2021 89
 Sequential central point injection
 GM refined the CPI system into a
sequential central port injection (SCPI)
system in the mid-1990s. It used valves to
meter the fuel to just the cylinders that
were in the intake phase. This worked well
on paper, but the valves had a tendency to
stick. Fuel injector cleaner sometimes
worked, but the system remained
problematic.
12/07/2021 90
 Multi-port fuel injection
 The goal of all fuel injection systems is to
carefully meter the amount and timing of
fuel to each cylinder. This is achieved with
the more sophisticated fuel injection
systems, often called multi-port fuel
injection (MFI) or sequential port fuel
injection (SFI). It uses a single injector per
cylinder and sprays the fuel right above the
intake valves.
12/07/2021 91
 Direct injection
 The newest method for petrol engines now is direct injection
or DI. It has a special fuel injector inside the combustion
chamber itself, along with the valves and spark plugs. This
system is just appearing in the mid-2000s, and like most
systems before, it is being pioneered in Diesel applications.
This method was used in various WWII aircraft as well.
Notable engines included the Daimler Benz DB 605 and later
versions of the Wright R-3350 used in the B-29 Super
fortress.In direct injection, the piston incorporates a
depression (often toroidal) which is where initial combustion
takes place. Direct injection diesel engines are generally more
efficient than indirect injection engines, but tend to be noisier.
12/07/2021 92
Direct injection
12/07/2021 93
 HOW IT WORKS
 One type of fuel injection (throttle-body injection, or TBI) sprays a
fuel mist through one or more injectors located near the start of the
intake manifold, which carries air to the individual cylinders. The
injectors in a TBI system are located in the intake manifold close to
where a carburetor was typically housed. The pistons in the
cylinders create a partial vacuum that pulls fuel and air through the
manifold into the combustion chambers. Port-type fuel-injection
systems, sometimes called multi-port systems, have injectors that
spray fuel directly into each cylinder’s intake port—an opening
through the engine into the combustion chamber. A port-type
injection is better able to deliver equal amounts of fuel to each
cylinder. Moving the injectors to the ports also permits alterations
to the intake manifold that improve engine performance.
12/07/2021 94
 HOW IT WORKS
 To start the engine, the ECM regulates fuel flow and ignition
timing according to preset specifications. As the engine
warms up, sensors report temperatures in the intake
manifold and the cylinder head, which forms the top of the
combustion chamber. Other sensors relay information about
the position of the crankshaft and whether fuel is igniting too
early inside the combustion chambers. More sensors report
vehicle speed, transmission status, changes in manifold
pressure (the air pressure inside the intake manifold), and
oxygen content of the exhaust gas. Using information from
those and other sensors, the ECM adjusts the fuel-injection
and ignition-timing systems for different driving conditions.
12/07/2021 95
Fuel Injection System for diesel engine
 Fuel Injection System for diesel engine
consists of
 Electronic distributor pump
 Electronic unit injector (EUI)
 High-pressure common rail
12/07/2021 96
 Electronic Distributor Pump
12/07/2021 97
 Electronic Unit Injector (EUI)
12/07/2021 98
 High-Pressure Common Rail
12/07/2021 99
Common rail fuel injection system
and its function
 Provide the diesel engine with fuel
 Generate the high pressure needed for fuel
injection and distribute the fuel to the
individual cylinders
 Inject precisely correct amount of fuel at
exactly the right moment in time.
 In contrast to other injection system
Common rail fuel injection system is an
accumulator injection system.
12/07/2021 100
How does a CR system function?
Su b fu n c tio n s o f a CR F I s y s tem
C O M M O N R A IL F U E L IN J E C T IO N S Y S T E M
L o w p re s s u re c i r c u it H i g h p re s s u re c i r c u it E C U w i t h s e n s o rs
12/07/2021 101
The Common Rail Sub functions
 Low –pressure circuit comprises of:
Fuel tank ,Pre-supply pump, Fuel filter,
And the respective connection lines.
12/07/2021 102
Low –pressure circuit
 The low –pressure circuit is
responsible for transporting the fuel to
the high –pressure circuit.
12/07/2021 103
High –pressure circuit comprises:
 High – pressure pump with pressure – control valve
 The high – pressure accumulator (Rail )with the rail –pressure sensor
 Injectors, and
 The respective high – pressure connection lines.
12/07/2021 104
The high – pressure circuit
It is the responsibility of the high
pressure circuit to generate a constant
unvarying high pressure in the high
pressure accumulator (the rail) and to
inject the fuel through the injectors
into the engine’s combustion
chambers.
12/07/2021 105
 ECU and sensors
 The common rail ECU evaluates the signals from the
following sensors.
 Crankshaft – speed sensor, Camshaft sensor,
 Accelerator-pedal travel sensor
12/07/2021 106
 The common rail ECU evaluates the signals from
the following sensors:
 Boost – pressure sensor, Air temperature sensor,
 Air – mass meter, and Rail pressure sensor.
12/07/2021 107
 ECU and sensors
 The sensor are responsible for measuring important physical
quantities. The ECU calculates injected fuel quantity, start of
injection, duration of injection, and rate of discharge curve, as
well supervises the correct functioning of the injection system
as a whole.
12/07/2021 108
COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM
DESIGN
PRE SUPPLY PUMP

 Transports fuel from the fuel tank to the
high pressure pump.
 An electric fuel pump is used for this
purpose in the CRFIS.
 When the electric fuel pump is switched
off, the supply of fuel is interrupted and
the engine stops.
12/07/2021 109
PRE SUPPLY PUMP
The electric fuel pump comprises of:
1.Electric Motor
2.Roller-Cell Pump
3.Non Return Valve
12/07/2021 110
PRE SUPPLY PUMP
 The roller cell is
driven by an
electric motor.
 Its rotor is mounted
eccentrically and
provided with slots
in which movable
rollers are free to
travel.
12/07/2021 111
PRE SUPPLY PUMP
 The rollers are
forced against the
base plate by
rotation and by
fuel pressure .
 The fuel is
transported to the
outlet openings
on the pump’s
pressure side.
12/07/2021 112
PRE SUPPLY PUMP variants
 Gear type fuel pump

 The drive gear
wheel is driven by
the engine .
 Delivery quantity is
directly proportional
to engine speed .
 Shut off is by means
of an
electromagnet..
12/07/2021 113
High- pressure pump
 The pump plunger moves downwards
 The inlet valve opens
 The fuel is drawn in to the pumping element
chamber(suction stroke)
12/07/2021 114
High- pressure pump
 At BDC, the inlet valve closes
 The fuel in the chamber can be compressed
by the upward moving plunger.
12/07/2021 115
High- pressure pump
 An
electromagnet
is used for
pumping
element switch-
off.
12/07/2021 116
Rail-pressure sensor (RDS)
 Measures the pressure in the rail

 inputs the information to the ECU
 RDS should provide extremely precise
measured values.
 RDS is mounted directly on the rail.
12/07/2021 117
Injector
 Injects exactly the correct amount of fuel

in to the combustion chamber at
precisely the right moment in time
12/07/2021 118
Injector
The injector is equipped with:
 2/2 electromagnetic servo valve
 Nozzle
 Valve control chamber
 Return line
12/07/2021 119
Injector
The essential forces for correct functioning
are:
 Nozzle-spring force
 Valve spring force
 Electromagnet force
 Force due to the pressure in the valve-
control chamber
 Force due to the pressure in the nozzle
needle
12/07/2021 120
COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM
Summary
Components of CRFIS are:

 Pre-supply pump
 High-pressure pump
 High-pressure accumulator(rail)
 Pressure-control valve
 Rail-pressure sensor
 Injectors
12/07/2021 121
A DUAL FUEL CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR
DIESEL ENGINES
 Dual fuel systems, engines that operate

on more than one fuel source, are
gaining popularity because they reduce
the amount of diesel fuel used.
 Until recently, adding a dual fuel system
was impractical due to the cost of
replacing the original engine and the
loss of power traditionally associated
with these replacement systems.
12/07/2021 122
A DUAL FUEL CONVERSION SYSTEM FOR
DIESEL ENGINES
 Energy Conversions, Inc. (ECI), has invented a

dual fuel conversion system that easily converts
diesel engines into diesel-natural gas engines,
eliminating the need for companies to replace their
diesel engines with natural gas engines.
 The system reduces emissions by allowing
engines to operate cleanly on domestically
produced natural gas while still maintaining the
potential to operate on traditional diesel fuel as
well.
12/07/2021 123
12/07/2021 124

Fuelihng of IC Engine

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fuelihng of IC Engine

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TOPIC :

 Components of Internal combustion engine.

 Four principal types of internal-

 The Otto-cycle engine.

 The injection system of the compression

4. Inject the fuel at the correct rate (per

 Steel lines and flexible hoses carry

 A fuel pump is the device that transfers fuel from

 In earlier cars built before the late 1970s, the pump

 Mechanical fuel pump

 Fuel Pump Safety

 Operating a Fuel Pump

 Fuel Pumps in an Accident

 Atomization is conversion of bulk liquid into a

 The workings of the Venturi to speed the flow of

 Venturis are also used to measure the speed

 Venturi are more expensive to construct than a simple orifice

 Idle and Transfer Ports

 CHOKE AND COLD STARTS

 Delivering gasoline to the carburetor

 Controlling the speed of the engine

 Handling low speeds

 The carburetor under high engine load

 The carburetor during engine acceleration

 Fixed choke carburetors

 Constant depression carburetors

 Carburetor is also categories as

 Natural or side draft

 As in a traditional carburetor, fuel is converted to a fine spray and

PRE SUPPLY PUMP

 Gear type fuel pump

 Measures the pressure in the rail

 Injects exactly the correct amount of fuel

Components of CRFIS are:

 Dual fuel systems, engines that operate

 Energy Conversions, Inc. (ECI), has invented a

You might also like