Additional Information from Lesson 2:
• invention of woodblock printing -
220 AD
• invention of the printing press -
1440
• first magazine - 1663
• first American newspaper - 1690
• first photograph - 1826
• invention of telephone - 1876
• first film - 1878
• invention of radio – 1895
• first electronic television - 1927
• first cable television system - 1940
• first handheld mobile phone - 1973
• invention of the personal computer
- 1975
• first compact disc - 1982
• invention of World Wide Web -
1989
• first social media site - 1997
 Lesson 3:
How is Information
Categorized?
EXPLORE (Performance Task)
Make a mock itinerary of a tourist destination. The itinerary
should contain essential information about the location as
well as tips and tricks that would help make the trip easier or
more enjoyable. You can also include photos and videos in
your mock itinerary. Share your work to the class by
answering the following questions:
1. What did you need to research to plan this trip?
2. How were you able to find sources for your itinerary?
3. What types of sources did you use for your itinerary?
4. What kind of information do you think would help
improve your itinerary?
Sample
Introduction
• Information helps us navigate through life.
Gathering information about a place we’ve
never visited helps us have an idea of what
will happen once we get there.
• Like our ancestors from the Stone Age, who
slowly mastered their surroundings to pave
the way for Bronze Age, we must learn to
work with the information made available to
use and, in our own unique ways, help usher
in a better world.
Types of Information
1. SCHOLARLY
• Drawn from the research of field experts.
• When learning about the topic, one must
rely most on scholarly sources
• Recognized by the practitioners: teachers
and students
• PEER-REVIEW: a process when one’s
findings/research is evaluated by fellow
experts.
Types of Information
2. PROFESSIONAL/ TRADE
• Current news and trends about a specific
industry presented to experts and
enthusiasts by someone with knowledge
in the field.
Types of Information
3. ENTERTAINMENT/ POPULAR
• Meant for the general population.
• A journalist, staff writer, or content
producer may use some entertaining
hooks in order to catch attention or to be
easily understood.
Types of Information
4. OPINION
• Viewpoint, judgment or statement that is
not conclusive.
• Vary from person to person
• Choose among informed and sound
opinions.
• Two people may come up with opposing
conclusions based on the same verifiable
facts and information.
Providers of Information
1. ACADEMIC INSITUTION
• Schools, colleges and universities that
confer academic degrees
• Dedicated to ducation and research
Providers of Information
2. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
• Organization under the government
which is responsible for the
administration of specific function.
Providers of Information
3. PRIVATE SECTOR
• Includes businesses, organizations and
other players in the community that are
not owned and operated by the
government.
• Provide goods and services for profit
Providers of Information
4. PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS
• Those who do not represent another
person, corporation or group.
Sources of Information
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
• Simply put, first hand; brings us as close as possible to the
event, the subject, the original idea on the findings of a
scientific study.
– Theses and dissertations
– Diaries
– Interviews
– Letters
– Speeches
– Photographs
– Original works of art and literature
Sources of Information
2. SECONDARY SOURCES
• Anything that comments or analyzes, or
tackles a primary source.
– Textbooks
– Biographies
– Critical reviews
Sources of Information
3. TERTIARY SOURCES
• Refer to a primary or secondary sources;
gives overview of the topic.
– Dictionaries
– Handbooks
– Tables
– encyclopedias
Sources of Information
Subject Primary Source Secondary Tertiary Source
Source
Traffic App CCTV Feed Waze App Waze User
Reviews
Medicine CCTV Feed Documentary on Encyclopedia
the effects of sin article on
tax law tabacco
Literature Harry Potter Book review Dictionary of
wizarding words
History Diary of Martial Biography films List of missing
Law Victim about a family persons or
during Martial deseparecidos
Law from the Martial
Law
Attribution and Data Triangulation
• Ways of evaluating information
ATTRIBUTION: identification of the source
of information.
– Is the source known?
– Is the source credible and reputable?
Attribution and Data Triangulation
DATA TRIANGULATION: process of finding
two or more sources for the same
information.
– Are the sources scholarly, academic, or
reputable?
– How many different quality sources
are saying the same thing?
– Are the facts verifiable?
Common codes in journalism:
• On the record – strongest form of
attribution; source of information is fully
known.
• On background – piece of information is
said to be from an “anonymous source”;
also known as non-attributable
Common codes in journalism:
• Deep background – source cannot be
identified in any way at all
• Off the record – information may not be
used at all