Environment and Ecology-Unit 1a

Environment and Climate Change
Prof. R. K. Srivastava,
Source: ensidaenergy.com
Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

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Course Content and Lecture
Schedule

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Environment and Climate Change: Course Content
CE- 12101 CREDIT: 02 2-0-0
UNIT 1. Introduction 04(L)

Introduction to Environmental challenges, Natural Resources
conservation concepts and techniques, Indian Natural Resource
Management Programmes and its objectives.
UNIT 2. Sustainable Development 04(L)

Sustainable Development, Carrying capacity based development,
clean energy alternatives on various segments and its application
with case studies.

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UNIT 3. Climate Change - I 04(L)

Climate Change challenges, Cause and Impact Assessment Studies
for climate changes and mitigation measures for reversal of
climate changes, Technological interventions alternatives and case
studies.
UNIT 4. Climate Change - II 04(L)

International agenda and treaties for climate changes, Global
concerns and efforts to minimise climate change impact on society.

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UNIT 5. Environmental Impact Assessment 04(L)

Social and Environmental Impact assessment, International treaties &
Global initiatives related to Environment and climate change, Carbon
foot print.
UNIT 6. Pollution and Environmental Laws 04(L)

Preventive measures to control air, water, soil and noise pollution and
related national or international standards, Environmental Laws and
regulations.

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References
•Basic Course in Environmental Studies, Deswal and Deswal, Publication

Dhanpat Rai and Sons, .
•Environmental Studies, Bharucha, University of Press
•Environmental Engineering, Peanny et. al., McGraw Hill
•A text book of Environmental Engineering, Venugopal Rao, PHI
•IPCC reports I to IV

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Environment and Climate change
What is Environment ?????
Man has always inhabited two worlds.
Natural World Build World
Plants, Social Institution

Animals, Political Organization
Air, Things created using
Water, and Science and Technology
Soil Etc..
Environment can simply defined as One’s surroundings; which includes
everything around the organism, i.e., abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living)
environment. Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
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WHY as a Engineer we have to Study ????

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WHY as a Engineer we have to Study ????
Education About The Environment -
Learn about the environment -Ecological
concepts
Education Through the

Environment -Use the environment as a
medium -Experiential; direct contact -
Observation, data gathering, sketching,
photography, etc.
Education For the Environment -

Engage in exploration and resolution of
environmental issues -Builds on other two
-Develop informed environmental
concern, environmental ethic and skills for
participating in protection and
improvement of the environment -
Education is not neutral. Develop critical
and active citizens Allahabad 9
Environment and Climate change: Unit 1
The purpose of Environment and Climate

change Study
Quote by Richard Louv

The real measure of our success will not be in the
number of programs created or bills passed, but
in the creation of new cultural atmosphere, in
everyday life, that will make such decesions
second nature---in every family, every school and
every neighbourhood.

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Environment Meaning ?
• The term is derived from a French word
‘Environ’ which means ENCIRCLE.
 Scientifically Environment means all of the

outside forces, events, and things that act
on a thing. The environment is everything
that is around something.

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 It is the complex set of physical, geographic,
biological, social, cultural and political
conditions that surround an individual or organism
and that ultimately determines its form and nature of
its survival. – from World Bank report on education
It includes:
1) All factors living and nonliving that affect an
individual organism or population at any point in the
life cycle.
2) Set of circumstances surrounding a particular
occurrence.
3) All the things that surrounds us.

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INTRODUCTION
 Not just collection of information
 For awareness – social and individual
 Conflict between development and environmental
conservation
 BALANCE
At one end it studies how the life process of a tribal
community protects the environment surrounding it;
On the other hand it probes what will be the effect
of state of the art technology on human
environment! Thus the scope of environmental
studies is extremely wide and covers some aspects
of nearly every major discipline.
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Objective of this Course
 Develop CONCERN for our own

environment.
 The concern leads us to ACT at your own

level to protect the environment we all live
in.

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The three reasons for studying the state of
the environment
 There is the need for information - the
need to use resources more equitably.
 There is a need to change the way - based
on observation and self learning.
 pro-environmental action - including
activities we can do in our daily life to
protect it.

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3. We are Victims of our own acts
Our Consumption
pattern & Lifestyles
Indiscriminate
Use of Pollution from production
Natural Of Artificial Resources
Resources
Degradation of Our
Environment
We ourselves are
Victims Allahabad 16
4. You are going to be Modern day Professionals
Being Modern day Professionals,You will be required to

encounter Environment related problems at all levels-
Most importantly as Technical Managers directly facing
the Society at large.
What do You Mean by this ? In what way we are

responsible ?

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Industrial
Investors
Technical
Professionals
Society in
General
SOCIETAL PYRAMID
OH! We are a class of our own!!

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Industrial Usage
Basic
Societal
Usage
RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION PYRAMID
But our base is shaky!! We got to face the music !!

Bosses will ask you to face the public
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WHY SHOULD WE TEACH !
“If you plan for one year, plant paddy.

If you plan for ten years, plant trees.
But if you plan for hundred years,

educate people.”

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No Water? Drink Thanda!
Case Study of Plachimada
 A Soft Drink bottling unit of company X was established in Plachimada, a village
in Kerala state, in the year 2000. Company dug bore wells to extract clean
drinking water for soft drink. Company had obtained clearance from the state’s
Environment Monitoring Authority and had been permitted by the local body to
start the production.
 Production unit was extracting water to an extent of 3,50,000 Liters Per Day
(LPD) { 3,50,000 LPD means per capita daily consumption of 5,000 people.}
Unit in it’s full production capacity had planned to draw 15,00,000LPD of water
{ Equal to LPCD of 21,430 people.}

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No Water? Drink Thanda!
Case Study of Plachimada (Cont…)
 By 2002, all the open wells- they were the main source
of water for the people- not only in the village , but
surrounding 10 villages dried out. With most common
life sustaining resource not available, people were
pushed to desperation.
 They started mass protests against the company and
demanded immediate closure of the unit. The local body
sensing the heat of people’s anger, withdrew the
permission to run the unit.
 The company has sought the intervention from the
court of law and the litigation is in Highest court of the
land. Mean while, there is no respite for company from
protesting public. The protest has spread not just across
the region but across the world !

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HENCE THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO
UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEMS WE ARE FACING
AND FORESEE THE CALAMITIES THAT MAY FALL
ON US IF WE DO NOT HEED THE RATIONAL
WARNINGS.
WISE PEOPLE SAY

BETTER TO BE LATE THAN NEVER
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DR. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 's Speech
 Once in an interview, the famous Ex-municipal commissioner of Bombay, Mr.
Tinaikar, had a point to make. 'Rich people's dogs are walked on the streets
to leave their affluent droppings all over the place,' he said. 'And then the
same people turn around to criticize and blame the authorities for
inefficiency and dirty pavements. What do they expect the officers to do? Go
down with a broom every time their dog feels the pressure in his bowels?
In America every dog owner has to clean up after his pet has done the job.
Same in Japan.

Will the Indian citizen do that here?' He's right. We go to the polls to choose
a government and after that forfeit all responsibility.
We sit back wanting to be pampered and expect the government to do
everything for us whilst our contribution is totally negative. We expect the
government to clean up but we are not going to stop chucking garbage all
over the place nor are we going to stop to pick a up a stray piece of paper
and throw it in the bin. We expect the railways to provide clean bathrooms
but we are not going to learn the proper use of bathrooms.
We want Indian Airlines and Air India to provide the best of food and
toiletries but we are not going to stop pilfering at the least opportunity.
This applies even to the staff who is known not to pass on the service to the
public. Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
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Natural Resources

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Natural Resources
 Natural resources occur naturally within
environments that exist relatively undisturbed
by mankind, in a natural form. A natural
resource is often characterized by amounts of
biodiversity and geo-diversity existent in
various ecosystems.
 Natural resources are derived from the

environment. Many of them are essential
for our survival while others are used for
satisfying our wants. Natural resources may
be further classified in different ways.
(AVATAAR movie)
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Classification of Natural Resources
 Renewability is a very popular topic and
many natural resources can be categorized
as either renewable or non-renewable:
a) Renewable resources are ones that can be
replenished naturally. Some of these resources,
like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously
available and their quantity is not noticeably
affected by human consumption.
b) Non-renewable resources are resources that
form extremely slowly and those that do not
naturally form in the environment. Minerals and
fossil fuels are the most common resource
included in this category.
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Resources:
 Forest
 Water
 Minerals
 Foods
 Energy
 Land

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Forest Resources
Forests are of immense value to us.
They are useful for industry and rural
economic growth.
Commercial uses of forests are for timber,
firewood, pulpwood, food items, medicine,
drugs and even tourism etc
Ecological services of forests are:
a) Production of Oxygen
b) Reduce global warming / Pollution Moderation
c) Wildlife habitat
d) Regulation of water cycle
e) Soil conservation
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Forest Resources
Overexploitation of forests has been
due to:
a) Excessive logging
b) Deforestation for road development
c) Clearing forests due to grazing
d) Mining activities and large scale projects

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India forest cover map as a
percentage of the geographical
area of respective States and
Union Territories, in 2010.[1]
As of 2010, the Food and
Agriculture Organisation of
the United Nations estimates
India's forest cover to be about 68
million hectares, or 24% of the
country's area.The 2013 Forest
Survey of India states its forest
cover increased to 69.8 million
hectares by 2012, per satellite
measurements; this represents an
increase of 5,871 square
kilometers of forest cover in 2
years.However, the gains were
primarily in northern, central and
southern Indian states, while
northeastern states witnessed a
net loss in forest cover over 2010
to 2012.
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Note:
In 2002, forestry industry contributed 1.7% to India's GDP. In
2010, the contribution to GDP dropped to 0.9%, largely
because of rapid growth of the economy in other sectors and
the government's decision to reform and reduce import tariffs
to let imports satisfy the growing Indian demand for wood
products
India is the world's largest consumer of fuel-wood. India's
consumption of fuel-wood is about five times higher than
what can be sustainably removed from forests. However, a
large percentage of this fuel-wood is grown as biomass
remaining from agriculture, and is managed outside forests.
Fuel-wood meets about 40% of the energy needs of the
country.Around 80% of rural people and 48% of urban
people use fuel-wood Department ofElectricity
Civil Engineering, MNNIT
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2007 forest survey data
The 2007 forest census data thus obtained and published by the Government
of India suggests the five states with largest area under forest cover as the
following:
•Madhya Pradesh: 7.64 million hectares

•Arunachal Pradesh: 6.8 million hectares
•Chhattisgarh: 5.6 million hectares
•Odisha: 4.83 million hectares
•Maharashtra: 4.68 million hectares
2013 forest survey data

According to India's 2013 forest survey report, the forest cover in top five states
has increased, with the exception of Arunachal Pradesh:
•Madhya Pradesh: 7.75 million hectares

•Arunachal Pradesh: 6.73 million hectares
•Chhattisgarh: 5.6 million hectares
•Maharashtra: 5.06 million hectares
•Odisha: 5.03 million hectares
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Conservation of Forest
In the 1988 National Forest Policy, which focused on ensuring environmental
stability, restoring the ecological balance, and preserving the remaining forests
Also in 1988, the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was amended to facilitate
stricter conservation measures. A new target was to increase the forest cover to
33% of India's land area from the then-official estimate of 23%
In June 1990, the central government adopted resolutions that combined forest
science with social forestry, that is, taking the sociocultural traditions of the local
people into. The cumulative area afforested during the 1951-91 period was nearly
179,000 square kilometres
Between 1990 and 2010, as evidenced by satellite data, India has reversed the
deforestation trend. FAO reports India's rate of forest addition has increased in
recent years, and as of 2010, it is the third fastest in the world in increasing forest
cover.
The 2009 Indian national forest policy document emphasizes the need to combine
India's effort at forest conservation with sustainable forest management. India
defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities
are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic
needs and local issues through scientific forestry Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
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WATER RESPOURCES

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Water Resources
 Water is an indispensible natural resource.
 More than 97% of the Earth is covered
with water, but only little over 3% is fresh
water.
 Water we use keeps on cycling endlessly
through the environment which is called
‘Hydrological cycle’.
 Water evaporates from various sources and
falls again on the earth in the form of snow
or rain and passes on through living
organisms and eventually reaches the
oceans.
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Water Resources
 Solar energy drives the water cycle.
 Plants also play a role in this by absorbing the
groundwater from the soil and releasing it into the
atmosphere by the process of transpiration.
 Excess water usage has resulted in depletion of
ground water reserves.
 In some places in India, prolonged rainfall has
resulted in floods.
 Rising incidents of floods has been due to rapid
industrialization, deforestation and urbanization.
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Water Resources
 Shortage of water in India is a common
sight.
 In many places, absence of rainfall has led
to draught.
 Conflict between countries and within
the country has also occurred.
 Such as the water conflict in the Middle
East and in India the infamous Cauvery
Water Dispute.
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Major River Basins Of The Country
Name of the River Origin Length Catchment Area
(Km.) (Sq. Km.)
Indus Mansarovar (Tibet) 1114 + 321289 +
a) Ganga Gangotri (Uttar Kashi) 2525 + 861452 +
b) Brahmaputra Kailash Range (Tibet) 916 + 194413 +
c) Barak and other
rivers flowing into 41723 +
Meghna
Sabarmati Aravalli Hills (Rajasthan) 371 21674
Mahi Dhar (Madhya Pradesh) 583 34842
Amarkantak (Madhya
Narmada 1312 98796
Pradesh)
Tapi Betul (Madhya Pradesh) 724 65145
Brahmani Ranchi (Bihar) 799 39033
Nazri Town (Madhya
Mahanadi 851 141589
Pradesh)
Godavari Nasik (Maharashtra) 1465 312812
Mahabaleshwar
Krishna 1401 258948
(Maharashtra)
Pennar Kolar (Karnataka) 597 55213
Cauvery Coorg (Karnataka) 800 81155
Total 2528084
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Basinwise Ground Water Potential Of Country
Ground Water
Name of Basin
potential (bcm)
Brahmai with Baitarni 4.05
Brahmaputra 26.55
Cambai Composite 7.19
Cauvery 12.3
Ganga 170.99
Godavari 40.65
Indus 26.49
Krishna 26.41
Kutch and Saurashtra Composite 11.23
Tamil Nadu 18.22
Mahanadi 16.46
Meghna 8.52
Narmada 10.83
Northeast Composite 18.84
Pennar 4.93
Subarnrekha 1.82
Tapi 8.27
Western Ghat 17.69
Total 431.42
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Water Conservations
Water conservation encompasses the policies,
strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a
sustainable resource, to protect the water
environment, and to meet current and future human
demand.
Population, household size and growth and affluence all

affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate
change will increase pressures on natural water
resources especially in manufacturing and
agricultural irrigation
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Water Conservations
The goals of water conservation efforts include as follows:
To ensure availability for future generations, the withdrawal of
fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural
replacement rate.
Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery and waste water

treatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy. In
some regions of the world over 15% of total electricity
consumption is devoted to water management.
Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to

preserve fresh water habitats for local wildlife and migrating
waterfowl, as well as reducing the need to build newdams and
other water diversion infrastructures.
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Strategies:
In implementing water conservation principles there are a number of
key activities that may be beneficial.
Any beneficial reduction in water loss, use and waste of resources.

Avoiding any damage to water quality.
Improving water management practices that reduce or enhance the

beneficial use of water.
Social solutions (farming, Landscaping etc)
Household Applications (Rain water harvesting, Low flush Toilets, Low Shower
etc.)
Commercial Applications (Waterless Urinal, Waterless carwash…etc)
Agricultural Applications (Mo
Minimum Water Networks and Design

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Mineral Resources
Minerals are naturally occurring organic or
inorganic solids with definite chemical
composition and physical properties.
They are used in:
a) Industrial Development
b) Generation of energy
c) Construction
d) Transportation
e) Communication
f) Medicinal
g) Formation of alloys
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Mineral Resources
Some of the common minerals in India are:
1. Energy generating minerals
a) Coal and lignite
b) Uranium
2. Other commonly used minerals
a) Aluminium
b) Iron
c) Copper
d) Mica
e) Gold and other precious / bullion metals

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Mineral Resources
Excess mining for minerals has resulted in:
a) De-vegetation and defacing landscape
b) Subsidence of land
c) Groundwater contamination
d) Surface water pollution
e) Air pollution
f) Occupational health hazards
g) Soil Erosion
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Food Resources
 The most common food consumed all over the
world are wheat, rice, maize, barely, oats, potatoes
and cereals.
 Dairy products being milk, cheese and butter.
 Seafood, and meat products have their highest
consumption in North America, Europe and Japan.
 The average calorie intake is 2500 calories per day.
 People receiving less than 90% of this are called
‘undernourished’, less than 80% are called
‘seriously undernourished’
 Deficiency of nutrition has lead to ‘malnuitriton’
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Food Resources
Efforts to increase food production has
resulted in some side effects:
1. Overgrazing has caused:
a) Land degradation
b) Soil Erosion
c) Loss of useful Species
2. Traditional agriculture has caused:
a) Soil Erosion
b) Loss of vital nutrients
c) Deforestation
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Food Resources
3. Modern Agriculture has caused:
a) Nitrate pollution
b) Eutrophication (Excess nutrition) (Important)
Eutrophication is the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients,
typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or
both. Eutrophication can be a natural process in lakes, occurring as they
age through geological time.
a) Pesticide related problems

b) Water logging
c) Salinity problem
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Case Studies of Excess Use of
Pesticides
 1. Kesterson Wildlife Refuge
 is an artificial wetland environment, created using
agricultural runoff from farmland in California's Central
Valley.
 The irrigation water is transported to the valley from
sources in the Sierra Nevada via the California Aqueduct.
Minerals from these sources are carried in the water and
concentrated by evaporation from aqueducts, canals, and
fields. This has resulted in an exceptionally high accumulation
of selenium and other minerals in the wetlands. Wildlife in
this region suffered deformities[1] due to selenium poisoning,
drawing the attention of news media and leading to the
closure of the refuge

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2. Lake Apopka, Florida
In July 1980, Tower Chemical Company (TCC), a
local pesticide manufacturer, improperly disposed of significant
amounts of DDE, (1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)
ethylene (DDE) is a breakdown product of DDT, which was
used in the past as an insecticide. No information is available
on the acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) effects
of DDE) a known endocrine disruptor, along with other toxic
chemicals. As a result, these chemicals spilled into Lake Apopka,
and the US Environmental Protection Agency was alerted. TCC
shut down their operations in December 1980. In 1981, an EPA
investigation began and the site was decommissioned and
designated as a Superfund clean-up site. Despite their efforts,
some of the chemicals seeped into the Florida aquifer and have
proliferated into some of Central Florida's interconnected
lakes and waterways. This chemical has caused health problems
in much of the lake's wildlife population, and has caused
infertility and other sexual disorders in several species,
including alligators. Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT
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Energy Resources
Renewable Resources
 Renewable Resources are those which can
be generated continuously in nature and are
inexhaustible e.g. wood, solar energy, wind
energy, tidal energy, hydropower, biomass
energy, bio-fuels, geo-thermal energy and
hydrogen.
 They are also known as non-conventional
sources of energy and they can be used
again and again in an endless manner.
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Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Sources:
1. Hydroelectric Energy
2. Solar Energy
3. Wind Energy
4. Tidal Energy
5. Ocean Thermal Energy (OTE)
6. Geothermal Energy
7. Bio-Gas
8. Bio-Fuels
9. Hydrogen as a Fuel

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Energy Resources
Non-renewable Resources
 which have accumulated in nature over a long span
of time and cannot be quickly replenished when
exhausted e.g. coal, petroleum, natural gas and
nuclear fuels like uranium and thorium.
 They constitute
1. Coal
2. Petroleum
3. Natural Gas
4. Nuclear Energy
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Energy Scenario
 In India
 Non commercial fuel: fuelwood, animal waste,
agricultural residue
 Commercial: Coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gas
and electricity.
69% coal (thermal power)
60%
40% 25% hydel power
4% diesel and gas electricity
2% nuclear power
>1% from non conventinal
sources (solar, wind, ocean

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Power generation capacity
22438 MW hydro
 1947- 1400 MW 67617 MW thermal (incl. diesel &
gas)
 1998- 92,864 MW 1840 MW nuclear
968 MW wind
The electricity sector in

India had an installed
capacity of 255.012 GW as of
end November 2014
India became the world's third largest
producer of electricity in the year 2013
with 4.8% global share in electricity
generation surpassing Japan and Russia.

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Growth of Installed Capacity in India (Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of
Power, Government of India. July 2013)
Thermal (MW) Renewable (MW)
% Growth
Installed Capacity Nuclear
Sub-Total Other Sub-Total Total (MW) (on yearly
as on Coal Gas Diesel (MW) Hydel
Thermal Renewable Renewable basis)
31-Dec-1947 756 - 98 854 - 508 - 508 1,362 -

31-Dec-1950 1,004 - 149 1,153 - 560 - 560 1,713 8.59%
31-Mar-1956 1,597 - 228 1,825 - 1,061 - 1,061 2,886 13.04%
31-Mar-1961 2,436 - 300 2,736 - 1,917 - 1,917 4,653 12.25%
31-Mar-1966 4,417 137 352 4,903 - 4,124 - 4,124 9,027 18.80%
31-Mar-1974 8,652 165 241 9,058 640 6,966 - 6,966 16,664 10.58%
31-Mar-1979 14,875 168 164 15,207 640 10,833 - 10,833 26,680 12.02%
31-Mar-1985 26,311 542 177 27,030 1,095 14,460 - 14,460 42,585 9.94%
31-Mar-1990 41,236 2,343 165 43,764 1,565 18,307 - 18,307 63,636 9.89%
31-Mar-1997 54,154 6,562 294 61,010 2,225 21,658 902 22,560 85,795 4.94%
31-Mar-2002 62,131 11,163 1,135 74,429 2,720 26,269 1,628 27,897 105,046 4.49%
31-Mar-2007 71,121 13,692 1,202 86,015 3,900 34,654 7,760 42,414 132,329 5.19%
31-Mar-2012 112,022 18,381 1,200 131,603 4,780 38,990 24,503 63,493 199,877 9.00%
30-Nov-2014[1] 153,571 22,971 1,200 177,742 4,780 40,799 @31,692 72,491 255,013 10.34%

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NEED TO UNDERSTAND:
Human Being: 2000 cal of energy/day ( last 100 of years as a biological energy
to maintain their Metabolism
Today 2,00,000 cal/day (industrialized nation)
01 cal of energy need for life 100 cal are consume for other purpose.
In 20 years 8,00,000 cal/person/day
Developing
countries do not
obtain even 2000
cal/capita/day

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Land Resources
 Land is a finite valuable resource upon which we
depend on for food, fiber and fuel.
 Soil, especially top soil is classified as renewable
resources.
 Nearly 200yrs is needed to form one inch of top
soil.
 Land degradation is occurring 20-100 times more
than the renewal rate.
 Soil erosion, water logging and salinization and
contamination of the soil due to industrial wastes
has resulted in degradation of land.
Soil formation
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Land Resources
Soil conservation practices are:
1. Till farming
2. Contour farming
3. Terracing
4. Strip cropping
5. Alley cropping
6. Wind breaks or shelterbelts

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Pattern of Land Use:
 Varies from country to country
 Land use pattern on Earth
Land Use
Agricultural (11%)
Pastures and
Meadows (22%)
Forest Land (30%)

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About Our Country:
 Area: 3,287,590 sq km
 Population: 1,188,310,000
 Literacy : 61%
 Government: Federal Democratic Republic
 Unemployment: 10.7%
 GDP: $3.57 trillion
 Chief Occupations: Agriculture is the
chief occupation of the country followed by
service and industrial jobs.
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Pattern of Land Use In India:
Land Use in India
Agricultural (43.6%)
Pastures and Meadows

(14.6%)
Culturable wastelands
(12.2%)
Forest (10.7%)
Barren and
inculturable land
(8.4%)
Urban Land (5.3%)
Others (5.2%)
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Soil as Natural Resources
 Surface layer of the land is called ‘Soil’.
 4/5th land area is cover by Soil.
 Soil has been derived from Latin word

‘Solum’---means upper crust of the earth.
Soil Formation take place with

decomposition of rocks and minerals.

Allahabad 70
Soil as Natural Resources
Soil Properties are:
Soil texture,
Structure,
Topography,
Permeability, Play
Climate and
important biotic
Soil water porosity, role to factors
Soil pH, determine its control the
condition
Organic and inorganic content productivity of soil
Cation exchange capacity

Microbial properties etc
Allahabad 71
Important function of Soil
 Provides mechnical support to the flora
 Act as a reservoir of water and supply water to plant,
due to its porosity and water holding capacity
 Ion –exchange capacity ensures the availability and
supply of micro and macro nutrients for the growth
of plants, microbes and animals.
 Prevents excessive leaching of nutrient ions, while
maintaining the pH.
 Contians wide variety of bacteria (i.e., nitrifying,
nitrogen-fixing, organotropic etc.) fuingi, protozoans
and microbes (helps in decomposition and
mineralization of organic matter and regeneration of
nutrients)

Allahabad 72
Land Degradation and its Causes
 Refers as deterioration or loss of fertility or
productive capacity of soil.
 Soil Erosion (rainfall, slopes of ground, soil type, vegetation, soil
mismanagement)
 Salination (increase in CONC of soluable salts), poor drainage

of irrigation and flood water
 Water Logging (due to surface flood, high water table.

Excessive use of canal, productivity severely reduce due to
lesser availability of oxygen for respiration.
 Desertification: Slow process of Land degradation that leads

to desert formation. It is like SKIN Disease over the planet (
overcultivation, overgrazing, deforestation, poor irrigation all
contributes to desertification.

Allahabad 73
Land Degradation and its Causes
 Shifting cultivation
 Urbanization
 Landslides
 Soil Pollution

Allahabad 74
Equitable Use of resources for
Sustainable Lifestyles: (SUSTAINABLE
DEVELEOPEMENT)
◦ Economist Heman Daly Specified 3 ingredients
◦ 1. rates of use of renewable resources do not

exceeds regeneration rates
◦ 2. rates of use of non-renewable resources do

not exceed rates of development of renewable
substitutes
◦ 3. rates of pollution emission do not exceed

assimilative capacities of the environment.
Allahabad 75
Global Concern and United Nations meetings
◦ With Reference to Dutch Study in 1994 Symposium in Oslo

identifies the following 4 goals
◦ 1. Close process cycle (complete reuse, recycle and repair)
◦ 2. Halving fossil fuel use (maximizing the use of energy conservation

measures, introduce energy taxes)
◦ 3. improving the quality of materials (Using a cradle to grave

approach to get product which are more durable, repairable and
recyclable and avoiding the use of scarce or hazardous materials)
◦ 4. Reducing transportation (providing goods and services as close as

possible to the consumers in accordance with the proximity
principle.

Allahabad 76
Read about
◦ Carbon Cycle
◦ Oxygen Cycle
◦ Nitrogen Cycle
◦ Sulphar Cycle

Allahabad 77
Natural Resources Chart
0
Arable Land Forests Fertile Soil Water Wildlife Vegetation Minerals Energy
resources

Allahabad 78
Threats to Natural Resources
 Urbanisation and Industrialisation
 Overpopulation
 Overconsumption and irresponsible use
 Deforestation
 Erosion
 Habitat Destruction
 Natural Hazards
 No proper access to resources such as
water
Allahabad 79
What are we doing to save our
resources?
 The Government of India has undertaken many
measures for the conservation of the resources
 Regulations and reforms for proper housing and
infrastructure development to avoid land acquisition
problems
 Mass media public service messages to educate the
people on the importance of conservation of
resources
 Increase the wildlife and forest reserves in the
country
 Schemes to do a proper inventory of the resources
and monitor changes in the environment.
 Various projects and schemes that promote
conservation of resources.
Allahabad 80
Essential Notes
◦ The choices we have decided to make are:
 To be knowledgeable of the wonderful resources available to
us
 To make every effort to protect and conserve these resources
in our own way
 To inform and make other people aware of the importance of
natural resources
 To learn about other issues affecting our country and the
world at large and learn to be a responsible citizen
We have made a choice to make a difference!

Allahabad 81
THANK YOU

Allahabad 82

Environment and Ecology-Unit 1a

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Environment and Climate Change

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

CE- 12101 CREDIT: 02 2-0-0

UNIT 1. Introduction 04(L)

UNIT 2. Sustainable Development 04(L)

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

UNIT 3. Climate Change - I 04(L)

UNIT 4. Climate Change - II 04(L)

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

UNIT 5. Environmental Impact Assessment 04(L)

UNIT 6. Pollution and Environmental Laws 04(L)

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

•Basic Course in Environmental Studies, Deswal and Deswal, Publication

•Environmental Studies, Bharucha, University of Press

•Environmental Engineering, Peanny et. al., McGraw Hill

•A text book of Environmental Engineering, Venugopal Rao, PHI

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Man has always inhabited two worlds.

Natural World Build World

Plants, Social Institution

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Education Through the

Education For the Environment -

The purpose of Environment and Climate

Quote by Richard Louv

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

 Scientifically Environment means all of the

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

 Develop CONCERN for our own

 The concern leads us to ACT at your own

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Being Modern day Professionals,You will be required to

What do You Mean by this ? In what way we are

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

OH! We are a class of our own!!

RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION PYRAMID

But our base is shaky!! We got to face the music !!

“If you plan for one year, plant paddy.

But if you plan for hundred years,

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

WISE PEOPLE SAY

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

 Natural resources are derived from the

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

•Madhya Pradesh: 7.64 million hectares

2013 forest survey data

•Madhya Pradesh: 7.75 million hectares

Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT

Population, household size and growth and affluence all

Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery and waste water

Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps to

Any beneficial reduction in water loss, use and waste of resources.

Improving water management practices that reduce or enhance the

Social solutions (farming, Landscaping etc)

Commercial Applications (Waterless Urinal, Waterless carwash…etc)

Agricultural Applications (Mo

Minimum Water Networks and Design