SINTESIS SENYAWA KHUSUS

MENGANDUNG NITROGEN

L/O/G/O
ANTON SYAILENDRA / 1306421153
 Amino Acid
Metabolism

• Deamination or
transamination
• Nitrogen
recycling/disposal via
urea cycle
• Use of remaining carbon
skeletons

Fig. 7-20, p. 195

Synthesis of heme
•  carbon and nitrogen atoms of glycine
are used for synthesis of porphyrine,
prosthetic group of heme
 Synthesis of heme

Condensation of 1 glycine and 1

succinylCoA by the pyridoxal
phosphate-containing enzyme, d-
aminolevulinic acid synthase
(ALA synthase) in mitochondria
Synthesis of heme
d-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)
is transported to the cytosol.

Porfobilinogen synthase
(ALA dehydratase) dimerizes
2 molecules of ALA to
produce the pyrrole ring
compound porphobilinogen.
– precursor for porphyrine
synthesis
Synthesis of Purine

Fig. 7-17a, p. 193

Fig. 7-17b, p. 193
Pyrimidine synthesis
Pyrimidine synthesis

Fig. 7-16, p. 192

Synthesis of Creatine and Creatinine

• Creatine – nitrogenous organic acid - helps to supply energy to

muscle.

• Creatine by way of conversion to and from phosphocreatine is

present and functions in all vertebrates as energy buffer system.

• Keeps the ATP/ADP ratio high at subcellular places where ATP is

needed.

• The level of creatinine excretion (clearance rate) is a measure of

renal function.
 amino acid

excreted in the urine

Synthesis of glutathione (GSH)
1. Glutathione serves as a reductant; is conjugated to
drugs to make them more water soluble (detoxification).

2. Reduces peroxides formed during oxygen transport.

The resulting oxidized form of GSH consists of two
molecules disulfide bonded together (abbreviated
GSSG).

3. Serves as a cofactor for some enzymatic reactions and

as an aid in the rearrangement of protein disulfide
bonds.
Synthesis of the Catecholamines

• The majority of tyrosine that does not get

incorporated into proteins: catabolized for
energy production; converted to
catecholamines.

• The catecholamine neurotransmitters are

dopamine norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
 Synthesis of the Catecholamines

1. Tyrosine hydroxylase
requires
tetrahydrobiopterin as
cofactor.
2. The hydroxylation
reaction generates
DOPA. (3,4-
dihydrophenylalanine)
3. DOPA decarboxylase
converts DOPA to
dopamine.
4. Dopamine b-
hydroxylase converts
dopamine to
norepinephrine.
5. Phenylethanolamine N-
methyltransferase
converts norepinephrine
to epinephrine.

Take over: http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/amino-acid-metabolism.html

Synthesis of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

• Inhibitory neurotransmitter
(CNS).

• Directly regulates muscle

tone.

•It’s lack leads to

convulsions, epilepsia.

•Involved in mechanism of
memory.
Synthesis of Serotonin & Melatonin

• Serotonin is present at highest concentrations in platelets and

in the gastrointestinal tract. Lesser amounts are found in the
brain and the retina.

• Synthesis and secretion of melatonin increases during the dark

period of the day. Concentration maintained at a low level
during daylight hours
Synthesis of Serotonin & Melatonin

Tryptopan serves as the precursor for the

synthesis of serotonin and melatonin

1. Hydroxylation reaction (tryptophan-5-

monooxygenase)
2. Decarboxylation (aromatic L-amino acid
decarboxylase)
3. Acetylation (serotonin N-acetylase)
4. Conversion to melatonin (hydroxyindole-O-
methyltransferase).

Take of textbook: D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox: Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry. Fourt Edition.

Synthesis of Polyamine

• Highly cationic and tend to bind nucleic acids

with high affinity.
• Important participants in DNA synthesis, or in
the regulation of that process.
• Important modulators of a variety of ion
channels (potassium channel)
• Growth factors in both eucaryotic and
procaryotic cells.
Synthesis of Polyamine
1. Conversion of arginine to ornithine

2. Ornithine to putrescine (ornithine

decarboxylase).

3. Putrescine to spermidine
(spermidine synthase, putrescine
aminotransferase).

4. Spermidine to spermine(Spermidine
aminotranspherase).

SAM – s-adenosyl methionine is donor

of methyl group
.

Take over: http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/amino-acid-metabolism.html

Synthesis of Histamine

• Histamine is derived from the

decarboxylation of the amino acid
histidine.

• Biogenic amine regulating

physiological function in the gut
and acting as a neurotransmitter.

• Causes several allergic

symptoms.
Synthesis of Nitric Oxide (NO)

• Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by vascular

endothelium and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
many other cell types.

• The substrate for NO is L-arginine that is transported

into the cell.
Synthesis of Nitric Oxide (NO)

• Nitric oxide serves many important functions:

• Vasodilation (ligand mediated and flow dependent)
• Inhibition of vasoconstrictor influences (e.g., inhibits angiotensin II and
sympathetic vasoconstriction)
• Inhibition of platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium (anti-
thrombotic)
• Inhibition of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium (anti-
inflammatory)
• Antiproliferative action (e.g., inhibits smooth muscle hyperplasia following
vascular injury)
• Scavenging superoxide anion (anti-inflammatory)
• http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/ami
no-acid-metabolism.html
• Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry( 26th Ed,
2003)
• Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry - by
David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox