A STUDY ON THE SURFACE ALLOYING OF

AISI304 STAINLESS STEEL WITH

TITANIUM USING GAS TUNGSTEN ARC

GUIDED BY: PRESENTED BY:

MR. MAYUR THOMBRE ALOK NATH DWIVEDI
ALANKAR AWADHIYA
DEEPAK JAISWAL
INTRODUCTION

 Background
• Stainless steels are mainly used where prevention of
corrosion attack is the main criteria, but their poor
surface hardness and high wear rate has been key
obstacles to extensive application.
• Stainless steels have been extensively utilized in nuclear,
aerospace and aeronautical, food processing,
biomedical and maritime industry because of its high
corrosion resistance.
• The stainless steel inherently possesses good corrosion
resistance, because, in the atmosphere, chromium in its
structure combines with oxygen of the air to form a thin
passive coating of chrome oxide on the surface of the
stainless steel.

• Typical products of stainless steel that are subjected to

surface treatment processes are surgical instruments,
control rod cases in nuclear power plants, tools and
moulds, gears, screws, valves, pump parts, bearings,
filters, orthopedic parts.
 Types of Stainless Steels

Stainless steels are defined as iron base alloys which

contain at least 10.5% chromium. The thin but dense
chromium oxide film which forms on the surface of a
stainless steel provides corrosion resistance and prevents
further oxidation.

There are five types of stainless steels depending on the

other alloying additions present, and they range from fully
austenitic to fully ferritic. Austenitic stainless steels include
the 200 and 300 series of which type 304 is the most
common.
 AISI304 Stainless Steel

Stainless steel types 1.4301 are also known as AISI304. AISI304

is the most versatile and widely used stainless steel. It is still
sometimes referred to by its old name 18/8 which is derived
from the nominal composition of AISI304 being 18%
chromium and 8% nickel.
AISI304 stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance in a
wide variety of environments and when in contact with
different corrosive media. AISI304 stainless steel has good
resistance to oxidation
 Typical Physical Properties of AISI 304 stainless
steel

Sl.No Property Value

1 Density 8.00 g/cm3

2 Melting Point 1400-1450°C

3 Modulus of Elasticity 193 GPa

4 Tensile strength 520(MPa)

Surface modification process

Surface modification process (SMP) is emerging as a method

alternate to the traditional coating processes in order to enhance
the corrosion properties of nonferrous and ferrous alloys. SMP can
be defined as the process of modifying the surface of a material
by bringing out changes in the properties different from those
found originally on the surface of a material.

The principal aim of the application of surface modification

technique is to form hard and ultra fine structure on the surface
layer so that the properties are improved.
SMP can be classified into two categories: namely,

i) Surface Refining Process (SRP)

ii) Surface Alloying Process (SAP).

 Surface refining process

In the SRP, as shown in Figure 1.1, the surface of the

substrate is melted by using an appropriate heat source to
form a molten pool, and subsequently the heat source is
moved progressively across the length of the substrate so
that a solidified layer forms on the surface of the substrate
upon solidification. In the SRP, a fine grain structure forms
during solidification as a result of the rapid cooling
experienced in this process. As a result of the fine grain
structure, the modified layer shows improved properties.
Surface Refining Process
 Surface alloying process

In the method of surface alloying, first alloying elements or

ceramic particulates are placed in the form of coatings,
sheets, powder or paste onto the surface of the base
metal (substrate). Following it, using a chosen heat source,
both the element or particulates and the base metal are
melted to create a fusion zone. The heat source is then,
progressively moved along the length of the base metal so
as to form a unified fusion layer on the surface of the base
metal upon solidification.
Surface Alloying Process
 LIRATURE REVIEW

Chen. H. T. et. al. (2014) induced martensitic transformation by

plasma nitro carburizing in AISI304 austenitic stainless steel is
investigated. The optical micrographs and XRD results indicate
the dual-layer structure of the nitro carburized layer: the outer
martensite transformation layer and the inner C supersaturated
austenite layer. The initial transformation microstructure presents
as nanoscale qusai-pealite which is composed of a0-martensite
and NaCl-type MX (M ¼ Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni; X ¼ C, N) phase. The
martensite transformation layer possesses high hardness and
good ductility.
Sun. G. F. et. al. (2014) fabricated alloyed layers on 304 SS
blades with Cr– CrB2 powders by laser surface alloying.
Microstructure evolution, element and phase distribution, micro
hardness and corrosion performance of the alloyed layers were
investigated. Corrosion potentials of all alloyed layers are higher
than that of 304 SS. Most of the alloyed layers have lower
corrosion current densities than 304 SS does. All alloyed layers
fabricated at laser power 2.5 kW show improved corrosion
resistance and significantly improved micro hardness and wear
resistance. Improvement of the above-mentioned properties is
attributed to the unique mechanical properties of various
microstructures and chemical composition in the laser treated
layers.
Yılmaz. S. O. (2006) coated AISI 1018 low-alloy steel by using
FeCr, FeCrC and WC–FeCrC alloy powders and the gas
tungsten arc processing (GTA) method. The friction and the
wear behavior of the coated surfaces were tested under dry
sliding conditions against WC–Co slider. The dry sliding wear
tests were performed on a pin on disc machine, and the
influence of sliding speed on wear rate was determined. The
test results indicate that the wear resistance of AISI-1018 steel
can be improved by means of GTA surface alloying, and high
chromium ferrochromium powders can be used for high
speed applications to reinforce the surface of low carbon
steel with a WC particulate mixture.
TO BE CONTINUED

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