The Basics of

FTTH
 2

What is Optical Fiber?

An Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high
quality glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair.
Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications,
which permits transmission over longer distance and at the higher
bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communicasion.
The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the
design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics.

Benefits of Optical Fiber
Lighter weight
and smaller size
fiber optic cables weigh about
10 times less compared to
copper cable, so enables an
easier cable installation which
reduces installation cost. A
smaller size cable enables the
production of longer cable
spans which enables longer
installation spans without
connections between cables
Lower cost
the price of optical fiber is
much more stabled compare
to copper
Higher bandwidth
fiber has higher bandwidth
than any alternative
transmission network
available in the market today.
A fiber optic systems is able to
carry more bandwidth over
long distances which reduce
the number of cables required
Easily upgraded
upgrade will consist of a
change in the transmitter and
receiver equipment without the
change of the optical fiber
network
3
Better signal
quality
as fiber is immuned to
different types of external
interference, it has lower loss
per unit distance. Wider
bandwidth and better signal
quality compared to copper
Ease of
installation
glass is stronger than steel
and optical fibers are also
small and flexible. Storage are
required for fiber is less than
copper
 4
• Core
This is the physical medium that
transports optical data signals from an
attached light source to a receiving
device. The core is a single continuous
Optical Fiber Construction strand of glass or plastic that’s measured
in microns (µ) by the size of its outer
diameter. The larger the core, the more
light the cable can carry.
• Cladding
This is the thin layer that surrounds the
fibre core and serves as a boundary that
contains the light waves and causes the
refraction, enabling data to travel
throughout the length of the fibre
segment.
• Coating
This is a layer of plastic that surrounds
the core and cladding to reinforce and
protect the fibre core. Coatings are
measured in microns and can range
from 250 to 900 microns.
 5

Types of
optical fiber
SINGLEMODE
FIBER
• Has a core diameter of 8-10 Microns
• Light propagates in the core through One
path
• Reach 50 times more than multimode
• Unlimited bandwidth at a distance of 80 Km
depending on device used
 6

Types of
optical fiber
MULTIMODE
FIBER
• Has a core diameter of 50-100 Microns
• Light creeps in the cores through multiple
paths
• Medium Reach 275 m - 2 km
• Bandwidth 10 - 100 Mbs
7
 8

OPTICAL FIBER CHARACTERISTICS

General Optical Fiber Characteristic

Optical Characteristics Test Mechanical and Environmental Test
» Attenuation » Tensile Strength
» Fiber Geometry » Temperature Cycling
» Chromatic Dispersion » Attennuation Change in water
» Polarization Mode Dispertion
» Mode Field Diameter
» Cut-off wavelength
» Numerical Aperture
» Bandwidth
 9

Among the optical fiber characteristics listed

previous, 3 characteristics are very important for a
reliable optical transmission in the access
network. The characteristic are:

» Mode Field Diameter

» Core Concentricity Error
» Attenuation
 10

Mode Field Diameter (MFD)

MFD is an important parameter that can show the performance of fiber
/ optical fiber which is single mode in addition to geometric
parameters such as core diameter and numerical aperture. The MFD
parameter can be determined from the propagation mode with the
direction of linear polarization
 11

Core Concentricity Error

Concentricity error comes about when the axis of the core and that of
the total fibre itself are not exactly aligned. That is, the core is not
exactly centred in the fibre. Even assuming that the fibres are lined
up exactly on the outside, concentricity error will cause the cores to be
misaligned.
 12

Attennuation
» Attenuation is the reduction or loss of optical power as light travels through an optical fiber. The longer the fiber is and the farther the
light has to travel, the more the optical signal is attenuated. Consequently, attenuation is measured and reported in decibels per
kilometer (dB/km), also known as the attenuation coefficient or attenuation rate. Attenuation varies depending on the fiber type and the
operating wavelength (see Figure 1). For silica-based optical fibers, single-mode fibers have lower attenuation than multimode fibers.
And generally speaking, the higher (or longer) the wavelength, the lower the attenuation. This is true over the typical 800 – 1600 nm
operating wavelength range for conventional datacom and telecom optical fibers.
» Single-mode fibers usually operate in the 1310 nm or 1550 nm regions, where attenuation is lowest. This makes single-mode fibers the
best choice for long distance communications. Multimode fibers operate primarily at 850 nm and sometimes at 1300 nm. Multimode
fibers are designed for short distance use; the higher attenuation at 850 nm is offset by the use of more affordable optical sources (the
lower the wavelength, the less expensive the optics).
 13

Main causes of Attenuation

Scattering
01 Attenuation occurs when light is scattered out of the optical fiber core or back to the source
thus reducing the amount of light which reaches the end destination. Scattering is usually
caused by dopants in the fiber core which changes the refrective index of the fiber core.
Higher dopant concentration in the optical fiber core causes higher attenuation. This can be
observed from the higher attenuation coefficient in multimode fibers compared to single
mode fibers. In addition, the density and composition inconsistency throughout the fiber will
also cause scattering in the optical fiber
 14

Main causes of Attenuation

Absorption
02 Absorption occurs when impurities are trapped within the optical fiber. Different impurities
absorb different wavelengths which then dissipates the energy in the form of heat
 15

Main causes of Attenuation

Bending
03 There are two types of fiber bending : microbending and macrobending

Macrobending Microbending
macrobending occurs in the microbending occurs in the
installation process manufacturing process
 16

OPTICAL FIBER
CONSTRUCTION
For high fiber count cables, there are mainly two cable ddesign widely used in
optical fiber networks. These two types of cables are The Loose Tube Cables and
Slotted Core Cables. The construction of the loose tube cables and slotted core
cables depends in the aea of application.
 17

OPTICAL FIBER CONSTRUCTION

Loose tube cables and slotted cables are usually installed in the Outside Plant
(OSP) segment of the optical fiber network. There are two main installation areas
which are the underground installation and aerial instalation. The list below
shows some of types of methods used for both underground and aerial
installation.

Underground Cable : Aerial Cable :

• Duct Installed • Self Support
• Direct Buried • ADSS Cabling
• Micro Trenching • Lashed Cabling
 18

UNDERGROUND CABLE
duct installed slotted core cable
Duct Installation
duct installed loose tube cable
 19

UNDERGROUND CABLE
Loose tube cable
Direct Buried Installation

Slotted core cable

 20

AERIAL INSTALLATION
ADSS Loose Tube Cable
 21

DROP CABLES

The drop cable is used to connect the

OSP network to the customer premise.
Such cables need to be small as well as
flexible to enable a quick and easy
installation.

OPTICAL FIBER CONNECTIVITY
CONNECTORS (NON PERMANENT)
» Field Assembly Connector
» Factory Terminated Connector
22
SPLICING
» Mechanical Splicing
» Fusion splicing
 Cladding to Cladding alignment
 Core to Core alignment
 23

CONNECTORS
Mechanical Splicing
Fusion Splicing
 24

SPLICING
Factory Terminated Connector
Field Assembly Connector
 25

LINTAS ARTA’S SPESIFICATION

IN TWO OR THREE COLUMNS

 26

LINTAS ARTA’S SPESIFICATION

IN TWO OR THREE COLUMNS

 27

THE IMPLEMENTATION FIBER OPTIC IN

LINTAS ARTA

Trunk SDH
Trunk Passport
Trunk MPLS
Trunk Metro – E (Brocade)
Lastmile to Premise using Fiber
Driver
GPON
 28

PON
Passive Optical Network
 29

What is PON?
 30

Why GPON?
 31

GPON Principle
 32

GPON Principle – Downstream Data

 33

GPON Principle – Downstream Data

 34

GPON Principle –Upstream Data

 35

GPON Network Model Reference

 36

THANKYOU!