NANOPIEZOTRONICS

-The new field of nanomaterials

“Small is BEAUTIFUL in nanotechnology -the engineering
of objects measuring in the billionths of a meter .”

Presented by
Aarathy Udayabhanu
E7B
Roll No :1

16/5/2010
Nano – A word we love !
-tronics : suffix to make it sounds nicer
Piezo : stuff we deal with now
We have

NANOPIEZOTRONICS !

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An Overview
Introduction
Phenomenon
The Material
The Fundamental Principles
Nanostructures
Future Applications
Conclusion
Reference

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How Nanopiezotronics??
Piezoelectricity
 The ability of certain crystals to generate a voltage in
response to applied mechanical stress.
Electronics
The branch of physics that deals with the emission and
effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices.
Piezotronics
 Field of using piezoelectric-semiconducting coupled
properties/effects for creating/fabricating novel and
unique electronic devices and components .
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Introduction
Nanoelectronics

Today : Deals with accumulation and movement of

charge carriers
:Future:Piezoelectric and electronic property of Zinc oxide

TOP
Termed as one of the emerging technologies of
2009 by MIT Technology review.

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The Inventor-
Prof. Zhong Lin Wang of Georgia
Institute of Technology

•Aim
-To power the world with
nanoscale sensors using
piezoelectricity.
-On success ,biological and
chemical sensors will be able to
power themselves .

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The Phenomenon
-PIEZOELECTRICITY

Ability of some materials to generate an

electric potential in response to applied
mechanical stress.
Eg :PZT,Cane Sugar,GaO etc
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Mathematical Description
Combination of Electrical behaviour of the
material and Hooke s Law.
Electrical Behavior
D=εE D= Charge Density 
ε=Electrical permitivity
E=Electric Field
Hookes Law
Strain α Stress
S=sT S=Strain
s=stiffness
T = Stress
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Contd.
Coupling both equations,

• [d] is the matrix for the direct piezoelectric effect

•[dt] is the matrix for the converse piezoelectric effect.
•The superscript E indicates a zero, or constant, electric
field
• The superscript T indicates a zero, or constant, stress
field
•The superscript t stands for transposition of a matrix
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The Material

Charges ? Zn2+ O2- OK!

Structure ?

Comes in two different types of crystal

Blende Wurtzite

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ZnO Structures
Zinc Blende Zinc wurzite

•pressure on ZnO Blende •under pressure, all created dipolar

will create local dipolar moments will be parallel to each other
moments •resulting in a global polarization
• for each dipolar moment •PIEZOELECTRICITY
created, there exists a
symmetrical moment in PRESENT
the crystal
•NO
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PIEZOELECTRICITY 11
WURZITE ZnO

• HCP structure

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WHY ZINC WURZITE???
Wide Band Gap
Green Material
Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric properties
Longer life time
Low cost and controlled growth
Availability of large single crystals

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Fundamental Principles
Piezoelectric potential
Semiconducting properties – charge separation
and removal
Schottky barrier :metal semiconductor
interface
Ohmic Contact

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CHARACTERISTICS OF
PIEZOPOTENTIAL

Magnitude - the degree of deformation.

Polarity switches as the strain is changed

If the crystal has a point defects :-the

piezopotential is screened
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How Schottky Barrier?
Zinc oxide -conductive solid substrate.

AFM:- using a Si tip coated with a Pt

film

Pt- Zn : Metal Semiconductor

Interface
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 WHY SCHOTTKY CONTACT ???
•Pt coated Si tip :
voltage peaks were
observed .

•Al–In alloy coated Si

tip, NO piezoelectric
output

•Pt–ZnO : a Schottky
diode

•AlIn–ZnO : an ohmic
contact

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 HOW GENERATION OF
POTENTIAL TAKES
PLACE????
Principle: -
NANOGENERATOR
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
Basic principle : coupling of the piezoelectric &
semiconducting properties


The deflection of the NW by the AFM : STRAIN
outer surface being tensile : V+
inner surface compressive : V-


Initially AFM : Tensile surface : V+


Pt metal tip Vm=0,
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
metal tip–Zn : negatively biased ΔV=VL = (V m –
V+)< 0
Reverse biased Schottky diode
Little current flows


AFM tip at compressed side of the NW


metal tip–ZnO : positively biased ΔV=VL = Vm – V -> 0.
Positively biased Schottky diode
 Sudden Current


Current : flow of e’s from ZnO NW to the metal tip
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 Potetial to convert :-
i. mechanical movement energy
ii. vibration energy
iii. Hydraullic energy

TO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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Things to NOTE:

Use of AFM must be avoided

All NW ‘s have to generate electricity

SIMULTANEOUSLY

Inverted V Electrode used.

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 Charge Releasing Process

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•The AFM tip- (T)- NW :- Schotkky Barrier Fig a.

•NW and Ag :-Ohmic contact (G)

•Tip at V+ : e’ s flow from the grounded electrode Fig b

:e’s cannot pass  reverse biased M-S
:accumulated free charges CB
: V+’
Fig c

• Tip at middle point :PZ potential = 0

: accumulated e s in the tip flow
back faster than the charge-accumulation
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: process 26
 Tip at V- : V- drops to V
: circular flow of e s in the external
Fig d

: producing a current
: Faster

O/p :-Difference b/w Fermi Energy of

Pt and Ag electrode
5–30 mV depending on NW size and
degree of bending
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Limitations

Uniformity of nano wires.

Life time

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NANOSTRUCTURES OF ZINC
Belts : systhsized from semiconducting oxides of
Zn, Sn, In, Cd, etc.

Pure, uniform, single-crystalline, free from

dislocations

Used for making nano gas sensors , nano

cantilevers, nano resonators etc.

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Nanobelts- “ We're talking tiny, not small. The thickness
of a human hair measures about 50,000 nm!!!” Synthesis

Controlling
a)growth kinetics
b)local growth temperature
c)the chemical composition of source materials

 

one-dimensional structurally

has well-defined
a)chemical composition,
b)crystallographic structure Properties
c)surfaces
single crystalline
dislocation free
surfaces are atomically flat.
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 Synthesis

•Synthesized by solid vapour process

•The evaporation of ZnO powder at a higher
temperature zone (1400°C).
•Oxide vapor directly deposits on a Al2O3 and
wool like products formed.
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 Nanorings

•Nanobelt is grown along a specific direction

•Top- Zinc and Bottom –Oxygen.

•Surface charges  dipole moments

spontaneous polarization electrostatic energy
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 Applications
Smart windows

Flat-panel displays

Electronic and optical-electronic devices

Sensors

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 Would you like to charge
your mobile phone without
ever having to plug into an
electrical outlet?

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 Fiber based NG
Conductive Polymers :substrates
a) biocompatible
b) safe
c) Cost effective
d) Flexible and foldable

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 BASIS OF POWER SHIRT
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An array of metal wires
Brushing of metal NW to ZnO NW
Metal NW = AFM & mechanical
deformations formed.
 ZnO NW s grown on Kevlar fibers
Metal NW should form M-S contact with
Zinc NW
Cycled sliding between two fibers causes
output

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 HEARING
AID

SIGN VERIFY

POWER SHIRT

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Future research
Increasing the number of active NWs for participating
electricity generation
Systematic modeling of the charge generation and
transport processes
Developing an effective theory for characterizing the
performance of the NG and its efficiency
Improving the packaging technology
Study of the failure mechanism of the NG

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Conclusion
Integrating individual nanodevices into a
nanosystem
The goal is to make a self-powered nanosystem
Harvesting energy from the environment is a
choice for powering nanosystems
The principle demonstrated in the piezoelectric
nanogenerator could be the foundation

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 “The day when we can charge our cell phone or iPod
just by going for a stroll around the block could be
a step closer. “

Thanks to a "nano-generator".

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Reference

[1] Piezooptics, http://www.bostonpiezooptics.com/.

[2] Zhong Lin Wang, Nanopiezotronics, Advanced Materials, no. 19, pp. 889892, 2007.

[3] Biam, a French database of medicines for pharmacist and doctors,
http://www.biam2.org/www/Sub1731.html.

[4] Zhong Lin Wang, Electrostatic Potential in a Bent Piezoelectric Nanowire. The Fundamental
Theory of Nanogenerator and Nanopiezotronics, Nano Letter, vol. 7, no. 8, 2007.

[5] Zhong Lin Wang, Nanostructures of zinc oxide, Materialstoday, pp. 2533, June 2004.

[5] Zhong Lin Wang, Piezoelectric Nanostructures: From Growth Phenomena to Electric Generators,
MRS Bulletin, vol. 32, pp. 109115, February 2007.

[7] Zhong Lin Wang, The new era of nanopiezotronics, Materials today, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 2028, May
2007.

[8] Nanowire photonics, http://www.nanowirephotonics.com/research-nanowires.html

[9] Zhong Lin Wang, Towards Self Powered Nanosystems-From Nanogenerators to
Nanopiezotronics,Advanced Functional Materials,2008

[10] Smart Electronic Materials,Prof. Grishim, Royal Institute of Technology,2008

[11] Zhong Lin Wang, The new field of nanopiezotronics, Materialstoday, vol. 10, no. 5, pp20_28, May
2007.

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