Fundamental of Electrical Engineering

FUNDAMENTAL OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CONTENTS

 Introduction
 The International System of Units
 Current And Charge
 Voltage
 Power and Energy
 Electrical circuit
 Basic Laws
 Ohm’s Law
 Electrical Circuit: Definition: Node, Branch, Loop, Series, Parallel
 Kirchoff’s Laws: Kirchoff’s Current Law, Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
The International System of Units (SI)

The SI units are based on seven defined quantities:

Quantity Basic Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature degree kelvin K

Luminous intensity candela cd

 The International System of Units (SI)

Defined quantities are combines to form derived units:

Quantity Unit Name (Symbol) Formula

Frequency hertz (Hz) s-1
Force newton (N) kg.m/ s2
Energy of work joule (J) n.m
Power watt (W) J/s
Electric charge coulomb (C) A.s
Electric potential volt (V) J/C
Electric resistance ohm (  ) V/A
Electric conductance siemen (S) A/V
Electric capacitance farad (F) C/V
Magnetic flux weber (Wb) V.s
Inductance henry (H) Wb/A
Charge and Current

• The basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge.

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter

consists, measured in coulombs (C).

• The charge on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.602 x 10-19

Note:
1. The Coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1 C of charge, there are
1/(1.602 x 10-19) = 6.24 x 1018 electrons.
2. The law of conservation charge states that charge can be neither be
created nor destroyed, only transferred.
• Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in ampere (A).
Coulomb
i Where, current is measured in amperes (A),
sec 1 ampere= 1 coulomb/ second
Charge and Current

Type of Currents:

• Two types of current:

1. A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time (I)
2. An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with
time (i).

• A current source is a circuit element that provides a

specified current.
Voltage

• To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires some

work or energy transfer.
• Performed by an external electromotive force (emf).
• Also known as voltage or potential difference.
• The voltage between two point a and b in electric circuit is the energy ( work )
needed to move 1 C of charge from a to b :

w =energy (J), q = charge (C)

Joules
vab 
Coulomb 1 volt= 1 joule/coulomb= 1 newton meter/ coulomb

Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit

charge through an element , measured in volts (V).
Charge and Current

• Two ways in interpreting polarity:

1) Point a is at a potential of vab volts higher than point b , +a
2) The potential at point a with respect to point b is vab vab

vab  vba
-b

• Two common types of voltage:

1) Direct voltage (dc voltage): a constant voltage (V); commonly
produced by a battery.
2) Alternating voltage (ac voltage): a sinusoidally time-varying
voltage (v); produced by an electric generator.
Power and Energy

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in

watts (W).

p
Joules w =energy (J), t = time (s)
Second

or p  vi (instantaneous power)

• + sign power power is being delivered to/ absorbed by the element

• - sign power power is being supplied by the element.
• To determine polarity, use passive sign convention.
Power and Energy

Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through the
positive terminal of an element and p=+vi. If the current enters
through the negative terminal, p=-vi.

+Power absorbed = - Power supplied

3A 3A 3A 3A
+ - + -

4V 4V 4V
4V

- + - +

Fig. 1: Cases of absorbing power Fig. 2: Cases of supplying power

Power and Energy

• Law of conservation energy: total power supplied to the circuit must balance
the total power absorbed.

p0
• Energy is the capacity to do work , measured in joules (J)

Power = VI (Watt) For 3 ph V = V3 VI CosØ ; Energy =

Watt x hour. 1 Unit of electricity = 1 kwh
Electrical Circuit:

 An electric circuit is an interconnection of

electrical elements linked together in a closed
path so that electric current may flow
continuously.
 A simple circuit diagram:
Electrical Circuit:

i1 = Rate of flow of charge form node a to node b

i2 = Rate of flow of charge form node b to node a
A direct current (dc) is a current of constant magnitude

An alternating current (ac) is a current of varying

magnitude and direction
Circuit Elements

• There are two types of elements:

• Passive elements – not capable of
generating energy (resistors, capacitors,
inductors.)
• Active elements – capable of generating
energy ( generators, batteries,
operational amplifiers)
• The most important active elements are
voltage or current sources
Basic Laws

 Here we explore two fundamental laws

that govern electric circuits
(Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws) and
discuss some techniques commonly
applied in circuit design and analysis.
Ohm’s Law

 Ohm’s law shows a relationship between

voltage and current of a resistive
element such as conducting wire or light
bulb.
Ohm’s Law

 Ohm’s Law: The voltage v across a

resistor is directly proportional to the
current i flowing through the resistor.
v = iR,
where R = resistance of the resistor,
denoting its ability to resist the flow
of electric current. The resistance is
measured in ohms (Ω).
Example:

 If V = 30V, R= 5Ω, calculate the current i,

and the Power P.
Circuit:

 Node, Branches and Loops

Definition: Since the elements of an
electric circuit can be interconnected in
several ways, we need to understand
some basic concept of network topology.
• Network = interconnection of elements
or devices.
• Circuit = a network with closed paths
Definition:

 Branch: A branch represents a single

element such as a voltage source or a
resistor. A branch represents any two-
terminal element.
 Node: A node is the point of connection
between two or more branches. It is
usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.
Definition:

 Series: Two or more elements are in

series if they are cascaded or connected
sequentially and consequently carry the
same current.
 Parallel: Two or more elements are in
parallel if they are connected to the
same two nodes and consequently have
the same voltage across them.
Kirchhoff’s Laws

Ohm’s law coupled with Kirchhoff’s two

laws gives a sufficient, powerful
set of tools for analyzing a large variety
of electric circuits.
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL): The
algebraic sum of current entering a node
(or a closed boundary) is zero.
Kirchhoff’s Laws

 KCL is based on the law of conservation of

charge. An alternative form of KCL is

Sum of currents (or charges) entering a node

= Sum of the currents (charges) leaving the
node.
Kirchhoff’s Laws

 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL): The

algebraic sum of all voltages around a
closed path (or loop) is zero.
KVL is based on the law of conservation of
energy. An alternative form of KVL is
Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage
rises.
Questions:
 What is the Unit of Voltage ?
 What is the Unit of Current ?
 What is the Unit of Resistance ?
 What is the Unit of Charge ?
 State a) Ohm’s Law, b) Kircchoff’s Current Law, c) Kirchoff’s
Voltage Law.
 Calculate the bill of electricity charges for the following loads, if
the rate of electricity charges is Rs. 6.00 per unit:
 20 Lamps 0f 100 Watt each working 6 hours a day
 10 Ceiling Fans of 120 Watt each working 12 hours a day
Fundamental of Electrical Engineering

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