Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Outline
Background
Methodology
Classifiers Construction
Automatic diagnosis
Prototype
Experimental Studies
Conclusions
2
Our Back
Spine is made up of a series of vertebrae (bone)
and disks (elastic tissue)
Spine
3
Facet Joints
• A joint is where two or more
bones are joined
• Joints allow motion
5
Spinal Cord
Each vertebra has a hole through it
These holes line up to form the spinal canal
A large bundle of nerves called the spinal cord runs
through the spinal canal
Jelly-like
nucleus
Holes
line up Tough
Hole outer
shell
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Spinal Nerves
Spinal cord has 31 segments;
and a pair of spinal nerves
exits from each segment
These nerves carry messages
between the brain and the
various parts of the body
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Link between Brain & Body
Each segment of
the spinal cord
controls different
parts of the body
8
Spinal Cord is Shorter
Spinal cord is much shorter
than the length of the spinal
column
Spinal cord extends down to
only the last of the thoracic
vertebrae
Nerves that branch from the
spinal cord from the lumbar
level must run in the vertebral
canal for a distance before
they exit the vertebral column
9
Shape & Size of
Spinal Segments
Nerve cell bodies are located in the “gray” matter
More “white”
matter
10
Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis is a progressive narrowing of
the opening in the spinal canal, which places
pressure on the spinal cord (nerve roots)
Pressure on nerve roots causes
chronic pain, and
loss of control over
some functions because
communication with the
brain is interrupted
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Spinal Stenosis
13
Diagnosis
14
We Try to Detect These
Conditions
15
Disc Space Narrowing
16
Posterior Apophyseal Arthropathy
(abnormality of facet joint)
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Osteophytes
(abnormal bony outgrowth)
Osteophyte - Small
abnormal bony outgrowth
(bone spurs)
Anterior Osteophyte -
Outgrowth at the front
side of a vertebrae
Posterior Osteophyte -
Outgrowth in the back
side of a vertebrae
18
Spondylolisthesis
A Vertebra is slipping
off another
19
Summary
A
C G,H: Anteroposterior (A-P)
B width of usual spinal canal
A: Anterior C: Posterior
vertebral
B: Mid height
vertebral heightvertebral height
23
Feature Extraction
Automatically determine
the boundary points
Using the Active
Appearance Model (AAM)
technique
Face model
Built from
400 images
26
Apply AAM to our Environment
28
Result from AAM
posterior osteophyte
(bone spur)
apophyseal arthopathy
(growth on facet joint)
spondylolisthesis
(vertebral slippage)
29
Predicting spinal conditions
• Bayesian framework is used to build a classifier
for each spinal condition
• Choosing the most probable spinal condition given
extracted features
# conditions
P* Max p(Ci | x1 ,..., xd )
i 1
xi : Extracted features
Ci : Spinal condition i
P : Posterior probability for each spinal condition
P* : Highest posterior probability
32
Naïve Bayes Classifier (3)
Posterior Probability: combining the prior
and the likelihood to form a posterior
probability using Bayes’ rule
Posterior probabilit y of X being GREEN
Prior probabilit y of GREEN Likelihood of X given GREEN
33
Naïve Bayes Classifier (4)
We classify X as RED
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Multiple Independent Variables
• Posterior probability for the event Cj among a set
of possible outcomes C = {C1, C2, …, Cd)
x , x ,..., x | C
p C j | xi , x2 ,..., xd p C j p i 2 d j
x | C
d
p C j | xi , x2 ,..., xd p C j p k j
k 1
35
Multiple Independent Variables
x | C
d
p C j | xi , x2 ,..., xd p C j p k j
k 1
36
Automatic Stenosis Diagnosis
x | C
d
p C j | xi , x2 ,..., xd p C j p k j
k 1
i 1
37
System Architecture
New X-ray case
Training interface
X-ray
User interface Training & training cases
learning process
Image
Feature
segmentation
Extraction
Result Feature
Extraction
Classifier
39
GUI for Stenosis Diagnosis
The user interface for submitting X-ray images
for analysis of spinal conditions
40
Data Set for Experiments
86 lumbar spine X-ray images from NHANES II
database
70 cases for training 16 cases for testing
42
Average Percentage of Correct
Prediction of test images
43
Average Percentage of correct
prediction using perfect labels
46