Basic Considerations

in Design
 EXAMPLE-1: BASIC CONSIDERATION IN DESIGN
• AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM IS TO BE
DESIGNED FOR THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.
THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING IS TO BE
MAINTAINED AT A TEMPERATURE OF 22+/- 50
C. THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE CAN GO AS
HIGH AS 380 C. THE RATE OF HEAT
DISSIPATION IN THE HOUSE IS GIVEN AS 2.0KW.
THE LOCATION, GEOMETRY AND DIMENSIONS
OF BUILDING ARE GIVEN. FORMULATE THE
DESIGN PROBLEM AND GIVE THE PROBLEM
STATEMENT.
 SUMMERY OF PROBLEM
STATMENT
• 1. GIVEN QUNTITIES
• 2. REQUIREMENT
• 2. CONSTRAINTS
• 3. DESIGN VARIABLES
 GIVEN QUANTITIES
• BUILDING LOCATION, GEOMATRY,
DIMENSION
• MAXIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
• RATE OF HEAT DISSIPATION INSIDE
HOUSE: 2 KW
 REQUIREMENTS
• LOWEST TEMPERATURE INSIDE
BUILDING: 17 DEGREE
• HIGHEST TEMPERATURE INSIDE THE
BUILDING: 27 DEGREE
• RATE OF COOLING IS ALSO REQUIRED
• THERMOSTAT CONTROL SYSTEM TO
CONTROL THE SYSTEM TEMPERATURE
• (CUT OFF CONDITION)
 CONSTARINTS
• SIZE
• VOLUME
• WEIGHT
• COST
• MAXIMUM FLOW CIRCULATION RATE IN
HOUSE
• USE OF CFC REFERIGERENT DUE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS.
 DESIGN VARIABLES
• COMPONENTS OF AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEM
• EVAPORATOR
• COMPRESSOR
• CONDENSER
• THERMOSTATIC VALVE
• REFERIGERENT TYPE
 SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE
• AMBIENT THERMAL LOAD
• A: ABSORBED SOLAR FLUX
• B: CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSPORT
FROM AIR
• WHICH DEPENDS UPON:
• 1: BUILDING GEOMATRY
• 2: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
• DETERMINE THE TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND
AMBIENT CONDITIONS.
• DETERMINE THE OVERALL SURFACE
AREA OF BUILDING.
• DETERMINE THE OVERALL HEAT
TRASNFER COFFICIENT FROM THERMAL
RESISTANCE EQUATION.
• DETERMINE THE TOTAL THERMAL LOAD
Q AS
• Q = H X A X ΔT
• H= OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT
• NOW RATE OF HEAT REMOVAL MUST
GREATER THAN THE RATE HEAT
DISSIPATION INSIDE THE HOUSE DUE TO
SOLAR FLUX + CONVECTIVE HEAT
TRANSFER DUE TO THE AIR.
• S = THERMAL CAPACITY OF BUILDING
WHICH IS EQUAL TO PRODUCT OF MASS
FLOW RATE OF CIRCULATING AIR AND
SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR. THEN AVERAGE
TEMPERATUE IS GOVERNED BY
 ACCEPTABLE DESIGN
CONDITION
• NOW FROM ALL THESE DISCUSSION
ACCEPTABLE DESIGN CONDITIONS
ARE OBTAINED BUT NOT THE
OPTIMIZED ONE.
• HENCE AN ACCEPTABLE DESIGN OF
AIR CONDITIONER CAN BE
CREATED.
 Thermal systems that are governed by
 Fluid flow,
 Thermodynamics,
 Heat and Mass Transfer.
The interaction between the various components
and sub systems that constitute a given system is
an important element in the design because the
emphasis is on the overall system.
With the basic knowledge of Design, Analysis and
Synthesis next step is to understand the basic
consideration in Design Process.
 FORMULATION OF DESIGN PROBLEM
• 1. GIVEN QUANTITIES
• 2. REQUIREMENT
• 2. CONSTRAINTS
• 3. DESIGN VARIABLES
 WHAT WE SEE BASICALLIY IN DESIGN
FORMULATION?
• WHAT IS REQUIRED OF THE SYSTEM?
• WHAT PARAMETERS CAN BE FIXED?
• WHAT PARAMETERS CAN BE VARIED?
• DESIGN MUST MEET :
• REQUIREMENTS
• CONSTRAINTS OF SAFETY, ENVIRONMENT,
ECONOMIC, MATERIAL AND OTHER
CONSIDERATIONS.
 GIVEN QUANTITY: EXAMPLE
• DESIGN OF COOLING SYSTEM OR ARRANGEMENT IN AN
ELECTRONIC DEVICE
• IT CONSISTS OF:
• HEAT DISSIPATED BY EACH COMPONENT
• MAXIMUM AND MININMUM WORKING TEMPERATURE
• TYPE OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ON CIRCUIT BOARD
• GEOMATRY OR DIMENSIONS OF BOARD
• SIZE OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENT
• NUMBER OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
• NUMBER OF BOARDS
• DISTANCE BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS OR BOARDS
 REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS
• REQUIREMENT:
• DESIRED FUNCTION OR TASK TO BE PERFORMED
• CHARATERISTICS OF ACCEPTABLE DESIGN:
• SATISFY THAT REQUIREMENT
• HOW IT IS REPRESENTED?
• QUANTITATIVELY OR QUALITATIVELY
• NOTE:-FIRST SATISFY CRITICAL REQUIREMENT THEN
FOCUS UPON LESS IMPORTANT ONE BY ONE WITHIN
THE DOMAIN OF LIMITATIONS.
• SPECIFICATION:
• MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE
CONSUMER AND DESIGNER ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS, WEIGHT, SIZE, SAFETY FEATURES.
 EXAMPLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
• HEAT EXCHANGER:
• HEAT TRANSFER RATE AND PRESSURE DROP
FOR GIVEN FLUID AND DIMENSIONS.
• WATER CHILLING SYSTEM:
• LOWEST POSSIBLE TEMPERATURE
• WATER FLOW RATE
• POWER CONSUMPTION
 CONSTRAINTS: TYPE 1
• GENERALY ARISES DUE TO MATERIAL, WEIGHT,
COST SPACE ETC.
• MAX PRESSURE RISE IN A THERMAL SYSTEM IS
CONSTRAINED BY STRENGTH OF MATERIAL AT
OPERATING TEMPERATURE LEVELS.
• MAX TEMPERATURE RISE CONSTRAINED TO
100 DEGREE IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES.
• CONSTRAINTS DETERMINE BOUNDARIES OF
DOMAIN OVER WHICH AN ACCEPTABLE
DESIGN IS SOUGHT.
 CONSTRAINTS: TYPE-2
• MASS CONSERVATION
• MOMENTUM CONSERVATION
• ENERGY CONSERVATION
• SPEED OF WITHDRWAL OF 2D HOT FLAT PLATE IN
ROLLING PROCESS.
• MASS FLOW RATE IS SAME M1=M2 WHICH IS
• U1 X A1 = U2 X A2 ( A= AREA OF CROSSESCTION)
• DENSITY AND WIDHT OF PLATE IS CONSTANT
• CHANGE REQUIRED IN THICKNESS FROM W1 TO W2
• COORESPONDING SPEED OF WITHDRAWAL GETS FIXED
• THUS THE ROLLER SPEED ALSO GETS FIXED AND
CONSTRAINTS ON SPEED OF ROLLER AUTOMATICALLY GETS
IMPOSED.
 ADDITIONAL CONSTRAINTS
• ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN CHEMICAL OR NUCLEAR
PLANTS
• SAFETY ISSUES IN CHEMICAL OR NUCLEAR PLANTS
• WASTE ISSUES IN CHEMICAL OR NUCLEAR PLANT
BOILER SAFETY:
• AT LOW WATER LEVEL IN BOILER FUSIBLE PLUG IS
USED TO EXTINGUISH FIRE IN COMBUSTION
CHAMBER TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO BOILER.
• SIMILARLY IN NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN CASE OF
EXCESSIVE RISE IN HEAT FLUX ; SYSTEM GETS SHUT
DOWN.
 DESIGN VARIABLES
• QUANTITIES THAT MAY BE VARIED TO SATISFY
GIVEN REQUIREMENTS.
• HARDWARE FEATURES: MATERIALS,
GEOMATRICAL CONFIGURATIONS, DIMENSIONS
ETC ARE DIFFICULT TO VARY & IMPLEMENT TO
LARGE EXTENT.
• OPERATING CONDITIONS: QUANTITIES WHICH
CAN BE VARIED EASILY WITHOUT ALTERING
HARDWARE SUCH AS TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE,
FLOW RATE, SPEED, POWER INPUT THOUGH THE
RANGE IS FIXED BY THE HARDWARE
REQUIREMENT.
 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN: GENERAL DEFINITION
• BASIC IDEA FOR EXECUTING A PROCESS
OR DESIGNING A SYSTEM TO SATISFY
REQUIREMENT AND CONSTRAINTS.
• ANY NEW APPROACH DEVELOPED OUT
OF EXISTING APPROACH.
• MODIFICATION IN FUEL INJECTION
SYSTEM
• HYBRID CAR TECHNOLOGY
• SOLAR POWER STATION
 EXAMPLE OF AVAILABILITY OF DIFFERENT CONCEPTS
• COAL TRANSPORT FROM LOADING DOCK TO BLAST
FURNACE SITE AT STEEL POWER PLANT.
• WAYS TO EXECUTE IT:
• TRUCK, TRAIN, CONVEYER BELT, PIPE, CARTS ETC.
• EACH OF THIS REPRESENTS DIFFERENT CONCEPT
OF TRANSPORTATION
• BUT CHOICE IS GUIDED BY DISTANCE OVER WHICH
COAL IS TO BE TRANSPORTATED, FORAM OF COAL,
RATE OF COAL FEEDING .
• FOR SMALL PLANTS AND SMALL DISTANCE TRUCKS
OR CARTS
• FOR BIG PLANT LONG DISTANCE TRAINS ARE
SUITABLE.
• CONCEPT MUST BE EXAMINED FOR ITS
FRUITFULNESS, TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY AND
MUST CONFORM TO LAWS OF SCIENCE.
• CONCEPT ARE DERIVED FROM EXPERIENCE
NOT FROM SET OF RULES.
• TECHNIQUES: BRAINSTORMING, DESIGN
CONTESTS, ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES.
 MODIFICATION IN DESIGN OF EXISTING SYSTEM

• RANKINE CYCLE IS USED IN STEAM POWER

PLANTS AND OVERALL IMPROVEMENT IN ITS
EFFICIENCY LED TO MANY MODIFICATIONS.
• SUPERHEATING THE VAPOUR THROUGH THE
BOILER.
• REHEATING THE STEAM PASSING THROUGH
THE BOILER
• REGENERATIVE HEATING OF WORKING FLUID.
 STEPS IN DESIGNING PROCESS
• CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
• INITIAL DESIGN
• APPROXIMATIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS
• MUST OBEY LAWS OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES
• MODELING AND SIMULATION IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT
• EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT DESIGNS
• OBTAINING ACCEPTABLE DESIGN
• DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
• EVALUATION UNDER OFF DESIGN CONDITIONS.
• AUTOMATION AND CONTROL
• COMMUNICATING FINAL DESIGN
• PATENTING, COPYRIGHTING, LICENCING, REGISTRATION,
TRADEMARKING ETC.
 NEXT WEEK TASK
• HEAT EXCHANGER NUMERICAL.
• SAFETY, AUTOMATION AND CONTROL.
• DESIGN COMMUNICATION CHART AND
METHODS.
• PATENTING, COPYRIGHTING, LICENCING,
TRADEMARKING, REGISTRATION OF PRODUCT.
• MATERIAL SELECTION NUMERICAL.