BIODEGRADABLE

ORGANICS
(unit operations and processes)

Prepared by: Dumduma, Claire

Biodegradable organic
one of the constituent in wastewater which composed of
protein, carbohydrates and lipids.

Measurement
• BOD – Biochemical Oxygen Demand

• COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand

• TOC - Total Organic Carbon

• DTOC- Dissolved Total Organic Carbon

• ThOD- Theoretical Oxygen Demand

Basis for BOD test
Oxidation Synthesis Endogenous respiration

BOD test Procedure

Removal of RESIDUAL CONSTITUENTS found in treated wastewater

BIOLOGICAL  ADSORPTION
 BACTERIA  ION EXCHANGE
 MICRO AND ULTRA FILTRATION  DISTILLATION
 REVERSE OSMOSIS  CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
 ELECTRODIALYSIS
 DISTILATION  VIRUSES
 PROTOAN CYSTS AND OOCYSTS  REVERSE OSMOSIS
 DEPTH FILTRATION  ELECTRODIALYSIS
 MICRO AND ULTRAFILTRATION  DISTILLATION
 REVERSE OSMOSIS
 ELECTRODYALISIS
Physical-chemical Treatment
• It has a limited success due to lack of its consistency in meeting discharge
requirement, high costs fro chemicals, handling and disposal of the great volumes of
sludge resulting from the additional chemicals, and numerous operating problems.

• Typical performance results of full-scale plants using activated carbon, the activated-
carbon column removed only 50-60 percent of the applied BOD, and plants did not
meet consistency the effluent standards for secondary treatment.

• It is most used in for the treatment of industrial wastewater. It is not commonly used in
municipal wastewater.

• The required chemical dosage and application rates can be determine using from
BENCH-OR PILOT-SCALE TEST.
 LAGOON
VARIATION

Prepared by: Dumlao, Gerry Mae D.

What is a Lagoon?

• pond-like bodies of water or basin

• designed to hold, receive and treat

wastewater for predetermined
period of time

• if necessary, can be placed with an

artificial liner to prevent leakage in
the groundwater below.

• simplest and least expensive in

wastewater treatment
In the lagoon, wastewater is treated through a combination of
physical, biological, and chemical processes. Much of the
treatment occurs naturally, but some systems use Aeration Devices
to add oxygen to the wastewater.

Aeration

• is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with

or dissolved in a liquid or substance.

• makes treatment more efficient, so that less land area is

necessary. Aerators can be used to allow existing systems to treat
more wastewater.
DESIGN OF LAGOON

Lagoons must be individually designed to fit a specific

site and use. Designs are based such type of:

SOIL
AMOUND OF LAND AVAILABLE
CLIMATE

An important design considerations for lagoons includes

the amount and type of wastewater to be treated and
the level of treatment required by regulations.
The following are the more common types of
lagoons:

Anaerobic Lagoons

Naturally Aerobic Lagoons

Aerated Lagoons
Anaerobic Lagoons
 “Anaerobic” – without oxygen

 most often used to treat animal wastes from dairies and pig
farms, commercial or industrial wastes

 as the first treatment step in systems using two or more

lagoons in a series.

 designed to hold and treat wastewater from 20 to 150

days.

 relatively deep (usually 8 to 15 feet) and work much like

septic tanks.
Anaerobic Lagoons
 Inside an anaerobic lagoon, solids in the
wastewater separate and settle into layers.
The top layer consists of grease, scum, and
other floating materials. If not preceded
with septic tanks, the layer of sludge that
settles at the bottom of an anaerobic
lagoon eventually accumulates and must
be removed. The wastewater that leaves an
anaerobic lagoon will require further
treatment.

 Odor can be a problem with anaerobic

lagoons. However, in many cases odor can Sample Figure of an
be managed through a variety of methods, Anaerobic Lagoon
such as adding sodium nitrate, recirculating
pond effluent, and through regular
maintenance.
Naturally Aerobic Lagoons

 Dissolved oxygen is present throughout much of the

depth

 shallower than other lagoons, so sunlight and

oxygen from air and wind can better penetrate the
wastewater.

 better suited for warm, sunny climates, where they

are less likely to freeze

• must remain in aerobic lagoons from 3 to 50 days to

receive adequate treatment.
 Naturally Aerobic Lagoons
 Wastewater treatment takes
place naturally in many aerobic
lagoons with the aid of aerobic
bacteria and algae. Because
they are so shallow, their
bottoms need to be paved or
lined with materials that prevent
weeds from growing in them.

 Sometimes, the wastewater in

aerobic lagoons needs to be
mixed to allow sunlight to reach Sample Figure of an Aerobic
all of the algae and to keep it Lagoon
from forming a layer that blocks
out the air and sun.
Aerated Lagoons
 use aerators to mix the contents of the pond and add oxygen to
the wastewater.

 referred to as partial-mix or complete-mix lagoons depending on

the extent of aeration.

 partial-mix aerated lagoons are often anaerobic lagoons that

have been adapted and upgraded to receive more wastewater.

With the exception of wind-driven designs, most aerators require energy to

operate. However, energy costs are almost always considerably less than those
for other mechanical treatment systems. Aeration makes treatment more efficient,
which offsets energy costs in some cases. Aerated lagoons require less land area
and shorter detention times.
Aerated Lagoons
Discharge Design: A Design Feature That Can
Distinguish Lagoons Is How They Discharge
Wastewater

 Continuous Discharge Lagoons

 Controlled Discharge Lagoons

 Hydrograph Controlled Release Lagoons

 Complete Retention Lagoons

Discharge Design

Continuous Discharge Lagoons. These lagoons release wastewater

continuously to a holding pond, so the rate of output roughly equals the rate
of input. The hydraulic flow pattern in the lagoon is designed so the
wastewater remains in the lagoon long enough to receive treatment before it
reaches the outlet.

Controlled Discharge Lagoons - In these lagoons, wastewater is discharged in

controlled amounts, usually once or twice per year. This method is common in
cold climates where discharges typically occur after spring thaw and again in
fall.
Discharge Design
Hydrograph Controlled Release Lagoons - This design can be used for lagoons
that discharge directly to surface water. It includes devices that measure the
level and quality of the wastewater and receiving water and the velocity of
the receiving water to determine when conditions are most favorable for
discharge. This method can sometimes eliminate the need for further
treatment.

Complete Retention Lagoons - These lagoons are only practical in very dry
climates where evaporation rate greatly exceeds rainfall amounts.
Wastewater is never released from this type of lagoon. Instead it is allowed to
evaporate.
Advantages of Lagoon Systems
• Lagoon systems can be cost-effective to design and construct in areas where land
is inexpensive.

• They use less energy than most wastewater treatment methods.

• They are simple to operate and maintain and generally require only part-time staff.

• They can handle intermittent use and shock loadings better than many systems,
making them a good option for campgrounds, resorts, and other seasonal
properties.

• They are very effective at removing disease-causing organisms (pathogens) from

wastewater.

• The effluent from lagoon systems can be suitable for irrigation (where appropriate),
because of its high-nutrient and low pathogen content.
Disadvantages of Lagoon Systems
• Lagoon systems require more land than other treatment methods.

• They are less efficient in cold climates and may require additional land or longer
detention times in these areas.

• Odor can become a nuisance during algae blooms, spring thaw in cold climates,
or with anaerobic lagoons and lagoons that are inadequately maintained.

• Unless they are property maintained, lagoons can provide a breeding area for
mosquitoes and other insects.

• They are not very effective at removing heavy metals from wastewater.

• Effluent from some types of lagoons contains algae and often requires additional
treatment or "polishing" to meet local discharge standard
 CHEMICAL
OXIDATION

Prepared by: Ganih, Kizar

Chemical Oxidation
 Involves the use of oxidizing agents like:

Ozone (O3)
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Permanganate (MnO4)
Chloride Dioxide (ClO2)
Chlorine (Cl2)
Oxygen (O2)
Chemical Oxidation

Oxidation-Reduction reactions
-is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of
electrons between two species.

Half Reaction Potentials

-tendency for a species to be oxidized at standard conditions.

Equilibrium Constants
-ratio of the concentration of the products to the
concentration of the reactants.
Applications

Reduce the Concentration of residual organics

Control Odors
Remove ammonia
Reduce the bacterial and viral content of
wastewaters
Applications

 Improve the treatability of nonbiodegradable organic

compounds
 Eliminate the inhibitory Effects
 Eliminate the toxicity of Compounds
Machines
Aerators
UV light sources
Agitators
 ADVANCED OXIDATION
PROCESS

Prepared by: Gonzales, Kenneth

Definition
 are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic
(and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and wastewater by oxidation
through reactions with hydroxyl radicals.

 refer to a set of oxidative water treatments that can be used to treat toxic
effluents at industrial level, hospitals and wastewater treatment plants.
Types of AOPs

Hydroxyl Radical-Based AOPs

Ozone-Based AOPs
UV-Based AOPs
Fenton-Related AOPs

Sulfate Radical-Based AOPs

Advantages

 Destroys toxic organic compounds without pollution transfer to

another phase
 Very efficient to treat almost all organic pollutants and remove
some toxic metals
 Works also for water disinfection
 Cheap to install
 Adaptable to small scales in developing countries
Disadvantages

 Relatively high operation costs due to chemicals and/or

energy input
 Formation of oxidation intermediates potentially toxic
 Engineers are required for the design and often also for
operation
 Emerging technologies (still a lot of research is required)
 MEMBRANE
FILTRATION

Prepared by: Domondon, Harrold James

 Filtration
involves the separation of particulate and colloidal matter
from a liquid.

 Membrane
is a semi-permeable material that will allow the passage of
certain constituents and will retain other constituents found in
the liquid.

 Membrane Filtration
is widely used in chemical and biotechnology processes
and is established as a valuable means of filtering and
cleaning wastewater and industrial process water.
MEMBRANE PROCESSES
 Microfiltration
- Is a low pressure separation process utilizing membranes with very open pore
structures
- Are the most numerous on the market and are the least expensive.

Typical Operating Range: 0.08 – 2.0 𝜇𝑚

Pore Size: Macropores (> 50 nm)

Typical Constituents Removed: TSS, turbidity, protozoan oocysts, cysts, some

bacteria and viruses
Ultrafiltration
- Can remove all microbiological species removed by MF (partial removal
of bacteria), as well as some viruses and humic materials.
- typically used in industrial applications for the production of high-purity
process rinse water.

Typical Operating Range: 0.005 – 0.2 𝜇𝑚

Pore Size: Mesopores (2-50 nm)

Typical Constituents Removed: macromolecules, colloids, most bacteria,

some viruses, proteins
Nanofiltration

- Is used for the removal of selected dissolved constituents from

wastewater such as multivalent metallic ions responsible for
hardness.

Typical Operating Range: 0.001 – 0.01 𝜇𝑚

Pore Size: Micropores (< 2 nm)

Typical Constituents Removed: small molecules, viruses

Reverse Osmosis
- Is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute
concentration through a semipermeable membrane to a region of
low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the
osmotic pressure.

- Is used for the removal of dissolved constituents from wastewater

remaining after advanced treatment with depth filtration or
microfiltration

Typical Operating Range: 0.0001 – 0.001 𝜇𝑚

Pore Size: Dense (< 2 nm)
Typical Constituents Removed: color, hardness, sulfates, nitrate,
sodium, other ions
MEMBRANE MODULES
Modules – is used to describe a complete unit comprised of
membranes.
Tubular Modules
- Are tube-like structures with porous walls.
- The membrane is cast on the inside of a support tube.
Hollow Fiber
- Utilizes numerous long porous filaments (bundle of hundreds to thousands of
hollow fibers) packed inside a body.
- Can be used in all types of filtration, ranging from microfiltration to reverse
osmosis.
 Spiral Wound
- Were developed to remove dissolved solids, and are most often associated with
NF/RO processes.
Plate and Frame
- Are comprised of a series of flat membranes and support plates.
 APPLICATION OF
MEMBRANES IN WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration:
 Aerobic Biological Treatment
 Anaerobic Biological Treatment

Nanofiltration:
• Effluent Reuse
 Wastewater Softening

Reverse Osmosis:
• Effluent Dispersal
• Two-Stage Treatment for Boiler Use