Feedback Amplifier

• Introduction of Two-Port Network

• Negative Feedback (Uni-lateral Case)
• Feedback Topology
• Analysis of feedback applications
– Close-Loop Gain
– Input/Output resistances

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 1

Two-Port Network (z-parameters)
(Open-Circuit Impedance)
I1 I2 
V z11 z 
I 

1 12 1
  
 
+ +  
V2 z21 z
22

I2

z11 z22
V
1 V
2 1z
V 11I1z12
I2
z12I2 + +z21I1
    2
V I1z22
z21 I2

At port 1 At port 2

Open-circuit V Open-circuit forward z V 2

z11 1 21
I1 I2 0
input impedance I1 I2 0 transimpedance

V
Open-circuit reverse z V1 Open-circuit z22 2
transimpedance
12
I2 I1 0 output impedance I2 I1 0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 2

Two-Port Network (y-parameters)
(Short-Circuit Admittance)
I1 I2 
I y11 y
V 

1 12 1
   
+ +  
I2 y21 y
22
V2
1/y11 1/y22
V1 V2
I1yV
111y V
122
y12V2 y21V1

  I2y21
V1y22
V2

At port 1 At port 2

Short-circuit I Short-circuit forward y I2

y11 1
2 0
21
1V
2 0
transadmittance V
input admittance V1V

I
Short-circuit reverse y I1 Short-circuit y22 2
2V1 0
1 0
12
output admittance V
transadmittance V2V

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 3

Two-Port Network (h-parameters)
(hybrid)
I1 I2 
V h  
11 h I

1 12 1
   
+ +  
I2 h21h 
22
V2

h11 1/h
22

V
1 V
2 1
V h I1h
11 V
122

hV 2+
h
2I1
1


12

  I2h
21I1hV
222

At port 1 At port 2

Short-circuit V Short-circuit forward h I2

h  1
2 0
21
I1 V
2 0
11
input impedance I1 V current gain

I
Open-circuit reverse h V1 Open-circuit h22 2
2 I1 0
2 I1 0
voltage gain
12
V output admittance V

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 4

Two-Port Network (g-parameters)
(inverse-hybrid)
I1 I2 
I g  
11 g V

1 12 1
+ + 
 
V2

g21g 

22


I2

1
/g1
1 g
22

V V I1g 1
1 2
V g I2
g
1I2
2
+g V 11 12


2
1 1
 
2
V g V
211g I2
22

At port 1 At port 2

Open-circuit I Open-circuit forward g V2

g11 1
1 I2 
21
0
1 I2 0
input admittance V current gain V

V
Short-circuit reverse g I1 Short-circuit g22 2
1
I2 V 0
1 0
12
current gain I2 V output impedance

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 5

 z-parameter example
I1 I2 I1 I2 I1 1
2 
3 I2
+ + + 12 + + +
V1 6 V2 V V V 
6 V
 
1 2

 
2
3
1

 
Z 11  6  Z 22  6  Z 11  12  Z 22  3  Z11  18 Z 22  9
V1 V1
Z 12   6 Z 12   0 Z12 
V1 6I
 2  6
I 2 I1  0 I 2 I1  0 I 2 I1  0 I 2
V2 V2
Z 21   6 Z 21   0 Z 21 
V2 6I
 1  6
I1 I 2  0 I1 I 2  0 I1 I 2  0 I1

Z   
6
Z   
6 12 0
Z   
18 6
6 6  0 3  
 6 9
Note: (1) z-matrix in the last circuit = sum of two former z-matrices
(2) z-parameters is normally used in analysis of series-series circuits
(3) Z12 = Z21 (reciprocal circuit)
(4) Z12 = Z21 and Z11 = Z22 (symmetrical and reciprocal circuit)
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 6
 y-parameter example
I1 0.05S I2 I1 0
.1S 0
.2S I2
+ + + +
V1 V2 V
1 V
2

   0.025S 
1
 1 1 
y11  0.05S y22  0.05S y 11      0 . 0692 S
 0 . 1 0 . 2  0 . 025 
I1 0.05V2 1
y12    0.05S  1 1 
V2 V1  0 V2 y 22     0 . 0769 S
 0 . 2 0 . 1  0 . 025 
I2 0.05V1 I1
y21    0.05S y 12 
V1 V2  0 V1 V 2 V1  0
0.05 0.05 But I 2  y 22 V 2  0 . 0769 V 2
y    I1 I 2  I1
0.05 0.05  
0 . 1 0 . 025
 I 1   0 . 8 I 2   0 . 0615 V 2
y 12   0 . 0615 S
By reciprocal , y 21  y 12   0 . 0615 S
 0 . 0615 
 y   
0 . 0692
  0 . 0615 0 . 0769 
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 7
 y-parameter example (Cont’)
y 11  0 . 05  0 . 692  0 . 1192 0.05S
y 22  0 . 05  0 . 769  0 . 1269
I1
I1 0.1S 0.2S I2
y 21  y 12 
V 2 V1  0 + +
I 2  y 22 V 2  0 . 1269 V 2 V1 V2
0 . 05  0.025S 
I 0 . 05 S  I 2  0 . 05 V 2
0 . 1269
I 0 . 2 S  I 2  I 0 . 05 S  0 . 0769 V 2 Note: the y-matrix is equal to
0 .1 the sum of two former ones.
I 0 .1 S  0 . 0769 V 2  0 . 0615 V 2
0 . 1  0 . 025 Therefore, y-parameters is
I 1   0 . 0615 V 2  0 . 05 V 2   0 . 1115 V 2 normally used in analysis of
 y 12   0 . 1115  y 21 shunt-shunt circuits
 0 . 1115 
Y   
0 . 1192 What connection should be for
  0 . 1115 0 . 1269  h- or g- parameters?

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 8

 General Feedback Structure
s+ V
V 
V
 A : Open Loop Gain
S
ou
re 
c A L
oa
d
- A = Vo / V

V
f
 : feedback factor
  = Vf / Vo

V  Vs  V f Close
loop
gain
:A 
V
o

A 1 T
 ( )
CL
V 1A 1T
V f    Vo
s

Loop : TA
Gain 
V  VS    Vo Amount
of
feedback
:1A
1
Vo  A  V Note
: A 
CLA


Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 9

 Negative Feedback Properties
• Negative feedback takes a sample of the output signal and applies
it to the input to get several desirable properties. In amplifiers,
negative feedback can be applied to get the following properties
– Desensitized gain : gain less sensitive to circuit component
variations
– Reduce nonlinear distortion : output proportional to input
(constant gain independent of signal level)
– Reduce effect of noise
– Control input and output impedances by applying appropriate
feedback topologies
– Extend bandwidth of amplifier
• All of these properties can be achieved by trading off gain

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 10

 Gain De-sensitivity
• Feedback can be used to desensitize the closed-loop gain to variations in the
basic amplifiler.
• Assume  is constant. Take differentials of the closed loop gain equation
gives,

A
A

CL
1A 
Differential respected with A
dA

1
CL

dA
(
1
A)
dA

or
dA

2CL
(
1
A2
)  
• Divided by Av, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,
dA
CLdA(
1
A) 1dA 
A
 2
(
1
CLA
) A1

AA 
• This result shows the effects of variations in A on ACL is mitigated by the
feedback amount.
• (1+A) is also called the desensitivity amount.
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 11
 Basic Feedback Topologies
Depending on the input signal (voltage or current) to be amplified
and form of the output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be
classified into four categories. Depending on the amplifier
category, one of four types of feedback structures should be used.

(Type of Feedback) (Type of Sensing)

(1) Series (Voltage) Shunt (Voltage)
(2) Series (Voltage) Series (Current)
(3) Shunt (Current) Shunt (Voltage)
(4) Shunt (Current) Series (Current)

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 12

Feedback Structure (Series-Shunt)
Basic amplifier
Voltage Gain Calculation:
Ii + ro +
+ Vo V o  A V 
V ri  AV
  V f   V o
+ Vo
Vi  Vi  V  V f    V o
A
(Close Loop Voltage Gain)
+
 Vf=Vo  A CL
V
 o  (
1 T
)
Vi  1  T
where T  A 
Feedback network
And, we get
 Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled
Vi  A
voltage source Vo 
 Requires high input impedance, low 1 A 
output impedance V i  V  (1  A   )
 Voltage-voltage feedback
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 13
 Input/Output Resistance (Series-
Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
Vi (Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
R in  Vo
Ii R out |V i  0  ro Io
Io
V i  (1  T )  V 
V o  A  V
V Vi Io  + AV

+
 Vo
Ii    ro
ri (1  T )  ri
V    V o  Vi  0
Vi
R in   (1  T )  ri V     V o
Ii
Vo  A   Vo
Io 
ro
Vo ro r
 R out    o
Io 1  A   1  T

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 14

 h-parameter Modeling
I1
zs + Only uni-lateral case
h11a
1/h22a 1/yL will be considered :
h12aV2 + h21aI1
 V2 (1) NO reverse
V
1
dependent signal
+ found in the
 amplifier network.
|h12a| = 0
h11f h21f I1
1/h22f (2) NO reverse
h12f V2 +
 dependent signal
found in the
feedback network.
|h21f| = 0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 15

 I1
zs
h11a
1/h22a 1/yL
1/h22f
V2 Uni-lateral
h21aI1
V
1

+ FromInputport: V1  (h11a  h11 f  Zs )I1  h12 f V2

 Fromoutputport: (h22a  h22 f  YL )V2  h21a I1  0
h11f
h21a I1
PutV2   back tofirstequation,
h12f V2 +
 (h22a  h22 f  YL )
For h12 f  0, theOpenLoopGain,
V2  h21a h
A   21a
V1 (h11a  h11 f  Zs )(h22a  h22 f  YL ) zi yo
wherezi  h11a  h11 f  Zs and yo  h22a  h22 f  YL
With thefeedbackf  h12 f , theClosedLoopGainis
 h21a
A zi yo  h21a
ACL   
1 A  h21a  h12 f zi yo  h21a  h12 f
1
zi yo
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 16
 Series-Shunt Example
:
A5
R
1
Given
10
, 1
k,
R
29
k
,
r
10
M 
and
ro 
40 
Vi +
V Vo Amplifier
 Vi +
Vf V r r Vo
+

R2  AV
R1
Vf Vo
It is observed that: R1 R2
(1) Series connection in input ports Feedback
(2) Shunt connection in output ports
 Series-Shunt connection Equivalent circuit
h-parameter should be used.
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 17
 h-parameter analysis
I1
V R1R
V1 V2 h  1
R//
R  2
0
.9
2 1
11f 1 2
R2 I1 V 0 R R2

R1 V I2R R
h  1
 1
 1
0
.1
1 1 1
12f
V2I 0 I2(R R2) R R2

I2 I2 1 1
h    
1 1 1
22f
V2I 0 I2(R R
2) R R2 10
k

h
1
1f
1
h 2
2f

hV+
1
2f

2

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 18

Firstly, set h 12 f  0 for open loop circuit and
I1 r
from the input port, +
+ +
 r  r V +
V  V1   ~ V1  1/h22f V
r h   AV
2
  11 f 

from output port, V 1
h11f
V 2  AV 
 h 22 f  V 2  0
ro
h12f V2 +

1 
by putting V 1  V ε and h 22 f  , we get
R1  R 2
 1 1  AV 1
   V 2 
 ro R 1  R 2  ro
Therefore, the open loop voltage gain is Theinput
impedance,
V A ( R1  R 2 ) Rin(1A )(h11f r)
A OP  2  ~ A  10 5 OP
V 1 r0  R 1  R 2
Theoutput impedance,
And the close loop voltage gain,
ro //(
1/h22f )
10 5 Rout 0
A CL 
A OP
 ~ 10 1A 
OP
1  A OP  1  (10 )( 0 . 1 )
5

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 19

 Feedback Structure (Series-Series)
Basic amplifier Gain Calculatio n :
Ii I
I o  A V
+ AV
V f    Io
V ri
Vi  ro Io
Vi  V  V f     Io
+ V A
 (Close Loop Transadmit tance Gain)
I 1 T
Vf=Io +  A CL  o  ( )
Vi  1  T

where T  A 
And, we get
Feedback network V A
Io  i
1 A
V i  V  (1  A   )

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 20

 Input/Output Resistance (Series-
Series)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
Vi
Rin  Vo
Ii R out |V i  0 
Io
(1  T )  V
 from input port,
Ii
V  V f     I o
 (1  T )  ri
from output port,
V V
I o  AV   o   T  I o  o
ro ro
Vo
 R out   (1  T ) ro
Io

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 21

 Series-Series Example
+VCC B C
+ +
R1 RC r r
vo E
vs vs
R1//R2 RC vo
RE
R2 RE  
Feedbacknetwork

CE amplifier with an un-bypassed emitter ac small signal equivalent circuit

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 22

 Feedback Network with z-parameter
I1 I2
ii
+ io
V1 RE V2
r v
+  ro +
vs gv
z11f vo
v1
z11 f 
i1 i2  0
 RE
z22f 
z12fio +

v1
  Z12 f   RE
i2 i1  0
Reduce equivalent circuit
v
Z 22 f  2  RE
i2 i1  0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 23

 Close loop analysis
 r 
v  vs andio gv
r Z 
 11f 
io rg
Then
open
loop
transadmi
ttance isAop 
gain  
vs r RE
Therefore,
rg
Aop r RE rg
The
close
loop
transadmi
ttance isACL
gain   
1Aop 1 rgRE r RE rgR
E
r RE
Input
impedance
is:
 rgR 
Rin (r z11f )(1AOL) (r RE)
 (r R )
1 E

  E 

(r RE)gr RE

Outputimpedance is:
Rout[(z22f )(1AOL)]
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 24
 Final Rin and Rout
ii
+ io
r v
+  ro +
 gv
vs z11f vo
R1//R2 RC
z22f 
z12fio +


R'in Rin Rout R'out


R'
inR //
inR//
1 R
2 
R'
outR //
R
out C


[(
rR
)
E
gr
R
E]
//
R//
1 R
2 
[(
z22 
f)(
1A 
)]
OP//
RC

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 25

 Feedback Structure (Shunt-Shunt)
Basic amplifier Gain Calculatio n :
Vo  A  I  A(Ii  I f )
+ I ro + I f   V o
+ Vo
Ii Vi ri  AI A(Ii   Vo )  Vo
  AI i  (1  T )V o
(Close Loop Transimped ance Gain)
V 1 T
 A CL  o  ( )
Ii  1  T
If= Vo
where T  A 
And, we get
Feedback network I A
Vo  i
1 A
I i  I  (1  A   )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 26
 Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-
Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
V
R in  i Vo
Ii R out |V i  0 
Io
I   ri
 from input port,
I  (1  T )
ri I   I f    Vo

(1  T ) from output port,
V  AI  V o  TV o
Io  o 
ro ro
Vo ro
 R out  
I o (1  T )

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 27

 Shunt-Shunt Example
Vcc
Rs
+
RC V r
gV
RF Vs +  Rc RL Vo

RS C2

C1 RL
vS +
RF


CE amplifier ac small signal equivalent circuit

Shunt-Shunt connection found!  y-parameter

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 28

 I1 I2

I 1  y11V1  y12V 2 V1 RF V2
I 2  y 21V1  y 22V 2
Feedback Network
I1 1
y11  
V1 V 2  0 R F
I  I2 1 I1 I2
y12  1  
V 2 V1  0 V 2 RF 
1/R
FVo
V R
F
I2 1 1 R
F
y 22  
V 2 V1  0 R F

y-parameter modeling

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 29

 From input port, + V
o
V   I S ( R F // r  ) R
F V

g
V

V I
s r
 R
F R
C/
/RL
 IS 
( R F // r  ) 
And from output port,
Vo 
1/
R F
¡EV
o
 gV   0
R F // R C // R L ri
Rin 
V o   gV  ( R F // R C // R L ) (1  AOP  )
Vo ( R F // r )
Open loop tranimped ance gain : 
IS (1  AOP  )
A OP   gV  ( R F // R C // R L )( R F // r  ) ro
R out 
1 (1  AOP  )
With feedback factor    ,
RF ( R F // RC // R L )

the close loop transimpe dance gain : (1  AOP  )
A OP Vo Vo
A CL  Voltage Gain : 
1  A OP  V s I s ( R s  Rin )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 30
 Feedback Structure (Shunt-Series)
Basic amplifier Gain Calculatio n :
I Io  A  I  A (Ii  I f )
+ I I f   Io
Ii V i ri AI ro A(Ii   Io)  Io
 AI i  ( 1  T ) I o
(Close Loop Current Gain)
I 1 T
 A CL  o  ( )
Ii  1  T
If= Io where T  A 
And, we get
Feedback network Ii  A
Io 
1 A 
I i  I  (1  A   )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 31
 Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-
Series)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
V I r
R in  i   i Vo
Ii Ii Rout |Vi 0 
Ii Io
 ri from input port,
(1  T )
 I    I f   I o
Ii
ri from output port, I o  Vo / ro  AI

(1  T ) Vo  ( I o  AI )ro
Vo  ( I o  T  I o )ro
Vo
 Rout   (1  T )ro
Io

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 32

 Summary
Feedback Close loop Input Output Parameter
Structure gain impedance impedance used

Series- V 1 T ro
o
 ( ) R (
1 T)r R  h-parameter
Shunt Vi  1T in i out
1T
Series- Io 1 T
 ( )Rin(
1T)ri R (1T)ro z-parameter
Series Vi  1T out

Shunt- V 1 T
o
 ( ) R  ri ro y-parameter
Shun Ii  1T Rout
1T
in
1T
Shunt- Io 1 T
 ( ) R  ri
Ii  1T R (1T)ro g-parameter
Series in
1T out

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 33

 Supplementary
+VCC
R 1  100 
R C  1k
R1 RC vo
vs R E  2k
  200
RE
r   10 k 

Find the input and output resistance from

- Two port network, and
- Circuit theory

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 34

 Circuit Theory
vs
Rin  R1 // R where R 
ib ib
vs  vE v vs ib vo
but ib  and E  ib ( 1)
r RE r
 vs  ib r  vE  ib [r  ( 1)RE ] vE RC
R1
Rin  R1 //[r  ( 1)RE ] ~ 100
RE
Tofind Rou t, vs  0  ib  0
 Rou t  RC  1k

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 35

 Two Port Network
ib
z11 f 
v1
 RE vs ib vo
i1 i 2  0 r
v1
Z 12 f   RE
i 2 i1  0 RE
v2
Z 22 f   RE
i 2 i1  0

RE RE
RE 
+
 RE i2

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 36

 The Open Loop Transadmit
tance
Gain
isfound
bysetting
feedback 0
signal
vs ib(r RE)
io ib
i ib  ib
AOL o   vs vo
vs ib(r RE) (r RE)
   r
Rin (r RE)1 RE
 (r RE) 
 ib
   R1 RC
RoutRE1 RE RE
 (r RE)  RE
+
 RE io
 Rin//R1 ~R1 100
Rin 
 Rout//RC ~RC 1k
Rout
R'in Rin Rout R'out

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 37