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IN
ELECTRICITY
• Matter - anything that occupies space and has
weight
• Element - a substance that cannot be
decomposed any further by chemical action
• Compound - a combination of two or more
elements
• Molecule - smallest particle that a compound can
be reduced to before it breaks down into
element
• Atom - smallest part that element can be
reduced to and still keeping the properties of the
element
Parts of Atom
• Proton = positively charge particle
=having a mass of 1.67x10-27 kg
• Electron = negatively charge particle
=having a mass of 9.11x10-31kg
=having a charge of -1.602x10-27C
- - -
FIRST ORBIT
- -
-
+ +
+ +
+ LAST ORBIT
- + + + - (where valence
+ +
+ + electron resides)
+
- -
-
- -
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS ACCORDING
TO CONDUCTIVITY
Example:
The current in an electric lamp is 5
amperes.What quantity of electricity flows
towards the filament in 6
minutes?(ans=1800C)
What is free electron?
• when the valence electrons escape or
dislodge from its orbit, they become free
electrons so generally the valence electrons
are the free electrons.
Why the valence electrons escape?
• when there is an energy added to the atom,
the affected shell is the outer most since the
energy shared to the said shell is weak
causing electrons to dislodge from its orbit.
Energy comes from?
• Friction (static)
• Magnetism (magneto motive force)
• Pressure (piezoelectric using quartz and salt)
• Chemical reaction (battery)
• Light (solar)
• Temperature (thermocouples)
FORMULA:
R = pL/A
Where
R = resistance
L = length of material
(meter or feet)
A = cross-sectional area of
material (m2 or CM)
p = resistivity (ohm-CM/feet or
ohm-meter)
NOTE:
CM=d2
where
d= diameter of conductor in mil
CM= circular mil
• 1000mil = 1 inch
• 1 MCM = 1000CM
• 3.28 ft = 1 meter
• 1 inch = 25.4 mm
Resistivity or specific resistance
FORMULA:
R1 = initial resistance
R2 = final resistance
T = inferred absolute temperature
= temperature when resistance of a
given material is zero (superconductor)
t1 = initial temperature
t2 = final temperature
∆t =change in temperature (t2-t1)
α =temperature coefficient of resistance
= ohmic change per degree per ohm at some specified
temperature
= positive for conductor, negative for semi-conductor and
insulator and zero for alloys
Example:
The resistance of a coil of wire is 1 kilo ohms at 20
degrees celcius.If the coil is immersed into an oil, the
resistance falls to 880 ohm.If the wire has a
temperature coefficient of 0.006 at 20 degrees
celcius,how much is the temperature of the coil?
NOTE:
°C=5 (°F-32)
9
CONDUCTANCE(G)
G=1/R
where
G=conductance
R=resistance
• 1012 tera T
• 109 giga G
• 106 mega M
• 103 kilo K
• 10-2 centi c
• 10-3 milli m
• 10-6 micro µ
• 10-9 nano n
• 10-12 pico p
• 10-15 femto f