AIRCRAFT

PROPULSION

MEMBERS:
N E T H E LY N C R U Z
MARIEL SALCEDO
ANGEL ABLAZA
MARIAN LOURDES CA JILIG
CHRISTINE REYES
J A N I N E M A M AY O
 WHAT IS AN AIRCRAFT
PROPULSION?

AIRCRAFT- is
a machine that is able
to fly by gaining support from
the air. It counters the force
of gravity by using
either static lift or by using
the dynamic lift of
an airfoil or in a few cases
the downward thrust from jet
engines.
PROPULSION- is the act
of moving or pushing an
object forward. A propulsion
system is an engine that
produces thrust to push an
object, such as an airplane,
rocket or jet, forward.
FOUR FORCES OF AIRPLANE:

1 2 3 4

WEIGHT LIFT THRUST DRAG

 FIRST LAW OF MOTION state that
every object will remain at rest or in
LAW uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change its state by the
action of an external force.

NEWTON’S
LAW OF
SECOND LAW OF MOTION state that
force is equal to change in momentum
LAW (mass times velocity) per change in
time.
MOTION:
THIRD LAW OF MOTION state that
for every action (force) in nature
LAW there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
1. LIFT
- a force must
be created that
equals or exceeds
the force of
gravity.

-created by
the flow of air over
an airfoil.

-the shape of
an airfoil causes air
to flow faster on
top than on
bottom
THIRD LAW OF

NEWTON’S
MOTION

LAW OF
-state that for every MOTION
action (force) in
nature there is an
equal and opposite
reaction
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE:

State that as the velocity of a fluid (in this

case, air) increases, it’s internal pressure
decreases.
 FACTORS AFFECT LIFT
• Wing Size
A wing’s lift L is directly proportional to the surface
area S of the wing. So, a wing twice as large can carry ,
twice as much weight.
• Airspeed
The mass flow of air around a wing is proportional
to the airspeed V times the air density d.
• Angle of Attack
The final factor is the angle of attack , which is the
angle is between the wing and the direction of the
oncoming wind.
L= ½ (P)(S)(v^2)(CL)

Wherein:

P= Pressure LIFT
S=Surface Area EQUATION
V=Velocity

CL=Coefficient Lift
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
• The aircraft you are using weighs 14,250 lbs and is
flying at 150 knots at sea level pressure with a winug
surface area of 250 ft. squared. (Note: density at sea
level pressure is always .002378 slugs per feet
cubed). What is the Coefficient of lift?
Step:
Convert the 150 knots to per seconds and it will give
you 253ft/s.
Derive the formula of lift.
CL= L/ ½ × P × v^2 ×S
CL=.76
2. THRUST
-is the force
that propels a flying
machine in the
direction of motion.
Engines produce
thrust.

-is the
force which moves an
aircraft through the
air.Thrust is
generated by
the propulsion
system of
the airplane.
 Thrust itself is a force than can best be described
by Newton's second law. The basic form of this law
is:

SECOND
F = ma
LAW OF
MOTION:
which states that force (F) is equal to mass (m)
times acceleration (a). Acceleration is the rate of
change of velocity over time. Thrust (T) is
produced therefore by accelerating a mass of air.
F = (m * V)2 - (m *
V)1 / (t2 - t1)

Wherein:

M=Mass THRUST
EQUATION
V=Velocity

T=Time
3. WEIGHT

-is a limiting
factor in aircraft
design.

-It may also

require more
thrust to accelerate
on the ground. On
small aircraft the
location of weight is
also important.
 W=m*g

Wherein:

NEWTON’S
M=Mass
EQUATION:

G=Gravity

• -which is equal to 9.8

m/s^2
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
• The ratio of weight-to-mass is given the symbol g. This
ratio of weight-to-mass (g) is called the gravitational field
strength. The units of g are Newtons per kg (N/kg). The
value of g on Earth is 10 N/kg.
• Weight = mass x gravitational field strength
W = mg
• What is the weight of an object with mass 4kg?
Solution:
Weight = mass x g W= 4kg x 10N/kg
W = 40N
4. DRAG
-is a aerodynamic
force that
opposes an
aircraft’s motion
through the air.
-it is generated by
the interaction
and contact of a
solid body with a
fluid (liquid or
gas).
 TYPES OF DRAG
1.Parasitic Drag
-is produced due to the air molecules acting in
the shape of the aircraft, construction type, and material.
 Form Drag
-is created due to the shape and area of the cross-section
of the solid body moving through the fluid.
Skin Friction Drag
- is aerodynamic resistance experienced by the aircraft’s
due to contact of air with respect to the surface of the aircraft.
Interference Drag
- which may occur where surfaces with different
characteristics meet.
 TYPES OF DRAG

2.Induced Drag
-the change in vector direction of lift of the aircraft.

3.Wave Drag
-which comes into play when shock waves are developed
close to the surface of the aircraft in transonic and supersonic flight
D=
Cd*(R)(V^2)/2*A

Wherein:

Cd= Coefficient
Drag
DRAG
EQUATION:
R=Density

A=Area
 SAMPLE PROBLEM:
• The aircraft of area 580 m2 moves with thrust of 50,000 N
has an air density of 1.225 kg/m3. If the cruise speed is 140 m/s.
Calculate the drag coefficient.
• Solution:
Given: Thrust D = 50000 N, Area A = 580 m2, air density ρ =
1.225 kg/m3, cruise speed v = 140 m/s
The air drag formula is given by,
D = 1/2 ρ Cd A v2
The drag coefficient is given by Cd = 2D/ρAv2
Cd = 2×50000N/1.225×580×1402
Cd = 0.0071
IF HAPPENS......
• Described as an equilibrium of all the forces acting upon an
airplane. Weight, lift, thrust and drag are the acting forces on
an airplane. Assuming a straight and level flight, lift must be
equal to weight and drag must be equal to thrust. This is what
happens if this equilibrium is violated:
• If lift becomes greater than weight, then the plane will
accelerate upward.
• If the weight is greater than the lift, then the plane will
accelerate downward.
• When the thrust becomes greater than the drag, the plane
will accelerate forward.
• If drag becomes greater than the thrust a deceleration will
occur.
THANK YOU!!!