MIMO

(MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT)

Presented By:
Padmapriya.H.N(4bw07is401)

Project coordinator: Under the guidance of:

Mrs.Sumathi.S.K Mr.Yogaprakash.M.G
Senior Lecturer,Dept of CS&E Asst.Professor, Dept of CS&E
B.G.S.I.T B.G.S.I.T
OUTLINE
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Conventional SISO wireless system
 MIMO-An overview
 MIMO Types
 MIMO Scalability
 MIMO Hardware requirements
 Benefits of MIMO
 Disadvantages of MIMO
 Features of MIMO
 Applications
 Abstract

 Traditional wireless communication systems this systems are

known as single input single output (SISO)
 Significant progress has been made in developing Systems
that use multiple antennas known as Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) systems
 link budget / spatial diversity improvement and throughput
improvement from spatial multiplexing.
 MIMO technology is its ability to scale data transmission
speed
Conventional (SISO) Wireless Systems

channel
Bits DSP Radio Radio DSP Bits
TX RX

 Single Input Single Output system has single transmitters

and single receiver.
 Single data stream with single antenna on both side.
 Digital Signal Processing(DSP) and Radio Frequency that has
a single path to transmit a signal.
 It is low-cost and simple to communication system.
(contd..)
Conventional “Single Input Single Output” (SISO) systems
have some shortcomings:
 Outage occurs if antennas fall into null.
 Energy is wasted by sending in all directions.
 Can cause additional interference to others
 Sensitive to interference from all directions
 Output power limited by single power amplifier
MIMO Wireless Systems

 Multiple Input Multiple Output is effectively a radio antenna

technology as it uses multiple antennas at the transceiver.
 Variety of signal paths to carry the data, choosing separate paths
for each antenna to enable multiple signal paths to be used.
 Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas proposed the concept of
Spatial Multiplexing .
 Bell Labs was the first to demonstrate MIMO in 1998,
 To overcome SISO technology MIMO technology was used.
(contd..)
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems with
multiple parallel radios improve the following:
 Outages reduced by using information from multiple
antennas
 Transmit power can be increased via multiple power
amplifiers
 Higher throughputs possible
 Transmit and receive interference limited by some
technique.
 Capacity of MIMO channels is that transmission rate over
wireless channels increased using multiple antennas.
(contd..)

Radio Radio
D D
Bits S
channel
S Bits
P Radio Radio P
TX RX

 The MIMO system transmitter radio and receiver radio here it

consist of two radio frequency channel in transmitter and in
receiver.
 Where H = U+V where U is an nr × nr matrix and V is an nt
× nt matrix.
 MIMO Channel Mode

 The h is channel and from h1nt upto Hnrnt are data streams.
 multiple antennas at the transmitter or receiver has given rise to
maximum Signal to Noise Ratio
 If high SNR means more noise found in the transmitting signal.
MIMO Alternatives

There are two basic types of MIMO technology:

 Beamforming MIMO

 Spatial-multiplexing MIMO
Beamforming MIMO Overview
 The change in the energy of each antenna based on the quality of
the channel and thereby maximizes the SNR for the receiver.
 Beamforming the transmitter has no knowledge of the channel
and simply sends the signal.
 The single or multiple antennas used in transmitter and also
receiver.

Radio D
S Bits
Bits Radio
TX P
Radio
RX

D Radio
Bits S
P Radio Bits
Radio RX
TX
Beamforming(contd..)

 If the transmitter does not know the channel we can not exploit
"Beamforming".
 If some symbol is sent through no. of antennas with the
maximum SNR is referred to as transmit beamforming.
 In transmit beamforming, the transmitter must have the CSI.
This presents us with a bit of a problem.
 Some of the Benefits of beamforming are Power gain with
dynamic high-gain antenna
Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Concept
 Spatial multiplexing a high rate signal is split into multiple
streams
 Transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same
frequency channel.
 Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing
channel capacity at higher Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
 Signals from the various antennas can be combined to form a
signal stronger data.

DSP Radio Radio DSP

Bit Bit Bits
Bits Merge
Split
DSP Radio Radio DSP
TX RX
Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Difficulty

 Transmitter and receiver to communicate at higher total data rates.

 The signal sending with spatial multiplexing technique and in this
there are separate data streams of different antennas but leading to
cross path in receiving side.
 Bits merge the data will be merged improperly resulting in
garbage output or bit.

DSP Radio Radio DSP

Bit Bit
Bits Garbage
Split Merge
DSP Radio Radio DSP
TX RX
Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Reality

 Types of transmit spatial diversity, open-loop and closed-loop.

 Receiving multiple data streams from multiple antennas at the
same time, and in the same frequency spectrum.
 The spatial diversity is used where signals received on multiple
antennas are weighted and combined.
 The single DSP is used to combine the bits so that the bits
properly combine to give the accurate bit output.

DSP Radio Radio D

Bit S Bit
Bits Bits
Split P Merge
DSP Radio Radio
TX RX
Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Example

 High data rate

 Data rate increases by the minimum of number of transmit
and receive antennas
Example of 2-by-2 system:
 Transmitted signal is unknown, x1 , x2
 Received signal is known, y1 , y2
 Related by the channel coefficients, h11 , h12 , h21 , h22
 y1  h11 x1  h12 x2

 y2  h21 x1  h22 x2
 The receiver can then filter (separate) out the desired data
stream from a particular antenna in SM.
MIMO Scalability

 MIMO technology scale data transmission speed with the

number of antennas and radio and signal processing
hardware.
 Notation
 R: data rates (Mbps)
 Es: spectral efficiency (bps/Hz)

 Bw: bandwidth (MHz)

 Ns: number of spatial streams

 NR: number of Rx.

 NT: number of Tx.

MIMO Scalability
 Data Rates
 SISO System
=>R = ES * BW -> Scales the Data Rate.
 MIMO System
 R = Es * Bw * Ns -> Scales with bandwidth and the number
of spatial streams
 Example
 11a/g: Es = 2.7; Bw = 20MHz; Ns=1; R = 54Mbps
 Spatial multiplexing MIMO
Es = 3.75; Bw=40MHz;Ns = 2; R = 300Mbps
 The data rate of a MIMO system becomes:
R = ESS * BW * NS
 MIMO Hardware Requirements

MIMO Transmitter (parallelism and data rate scaling)

MOD IFFT RF
Stream Spatial
FEC Split
Mapping
MOD IFFT RF

1* Ns * 1* NT* NT*
(Bw*Es*Ns) (Bw*Es) (Bw*Es*Ns*NT) (Bw*Es) Analog RF
MIMO Transmitter

 In order to maintain multiple independent data streams,

multiple RF and baseband chains are required.
 Number of spatial streams. I.e.: NS = min (NR, NT)
 Increased link margin, and performance with a single stream
systems, NR = NT = 2 could be used.
 Forward Error Correction(FEC) boots coverages range and
signal.
 IFFT processor can be configured to improve power
efficiency with no. of input data sequences and the sequence
length.
MIMO Hardware Requirements

MIMO Receiver (parallelism and data rate scaling)

RF FFT Demod
MIMO Stream
Merge
DEC
Equalizer
RF FFT Demod

NR* NR* 1* Ns* Ns* 1*

Analog RF (Bw*Es) (Bw*Es*NR*Ns2) (Bw*Es) (Bw*Es) (Bw*Es*Ns)
MIMO Receiver

 It indicates the parallelism and required data rate scaling.

 The MIMO equalizer and will equalize the signal in the
antenna
 Stream merge modes in hardware and will merge in
signal processing and decodes the signal using DEC.
 Many parallel Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms
adopt multiple stages architecture to increase
performance.
Features of MIMO technology

 Achieve high throughput without consuming extra

radio frequency.
 Achieve high link reliability of wireless
communication.
Benefits of MIMO:

 Faster speeds
 More simultaneous users
 Less signal fading
 Better resistance to interference
 Supports Multipath Propogation
 Achieve High Data Rates
Disadvantages of MIMO Routers

 MIMO routers have a premium

 MIMO Complexity
 Occasionally Leads to cross-paths
Applications of MIMO:

 MIMO technology has been used in Wireless LAN.

 MIMO applications in future wireless standards
 3GPP MIMO-CDMA,IEEE 802.11n: MIMO-OFDM
and IEEE 802.16: MIMO-OFDM
 MIMO technology has led to the creation of the IEEE
802.11n standards group(Wi-Fi).
 Wi-Fi market intend to develop pre-standard versions of
MIMO products.
General Application from MIMO
Technology

 For Business
• Enables truly wireless office – replaces Ethernet
• Improves VoIP performance
 For Consumers

• One AP covers your whole home with reliable service

• Supports new wireless multimedia applications
Other Two Functions:

 Precoding:
It is multi-layer beamforming in a narrow sense
or all spatial processing at the transmitter in a wide-
sense.
 Diversity coding:
This techniques uses the coding technique to
to improve the diversity.
Conclusion

 It highlights the various architectures of MIMO

systems.
 More merits than SISO with high throughput and link
reliability.
 The types increases data rates by transmitting parallel
data streams that gives accurate performance of the
network in data transmission.
 MIMO technology is technique of 4G cellular
communication and WLAN.
 References:
 [1] Andrea Goldsmith. Wireless Communications.
 Cambridge University Press, 2005.
 [2] Ezio Biglieri , Robert Calderbank , Andrea Goldsmith.
 MIMO Wireless Communications.
 [3] H. Bocskei and A. J. Paulraj, Multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) wireless
 systems, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
 [4] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, “On limits of wireless
communications in a fading environment using multiple antennas,”
Wireless Personal Commun, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 311-355, 1998.
 [5] IST METRA, “METRA public Deliverables”
http://kom.auc.dk/~schum/MIMO/index.html, 2002.
THANK YOU