ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

• An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety system on motor

vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking.

• The Anti-lock Braking System is designed to maintain vehicle

control, directional stability and optimum deceleration under
severe braking conditions on most road surfaces

• It does so by monitoring the rotational speed of each wheel and

controlling the brake line pressure to each wheel during braking.
This prevents the wheels from locking up.

• A rotating road wheel allows the driver to maintain steering

control under heavy braking
 ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

NEED FOR ABS

•MAINTAINS VEHICLE STABILITY AND STEERING CONTROL

•REDUCE STOPPING DISTANCE ON SLIPPERY ROADS
•REDUCES WEAR OF TYRES
•AVOID SKIDDING WHILE BRAKING
 COMPONENTS OF ABS

•WHEEL SPEED SENSORS

•ECU
•HYDRAULIC MODULATOR
• Pump
The different type of ABS systems are:
a)) One channel one sensor - used in used in trucks, only one sensor in the
rear axle, and one channel controlling both rear wheels.

b) Three channel three sensor –two separate channels and sensors for the
front wheels with one channel and for the rear wheels.

c) Four channel four sensor - used in used in cars, with separate sensors and
controllers for each wheel.

A Channel is the hydraulic line from the ABS actuator to the wheel.
ABS channel can consist of 1 or 2 wheels that will pulse when the ABS actuator
performs its work. Valves to the channels are controlled by the controller.
 WORKING OF ABS
ABS uses wheel speed sensors to determine if one or more wheels are trying
to lock up during braking. If a wheel tries to lock up, a series of hydraulic valves limit or
reduce the braking on that wheel. This prevents skidding and allows to maintain
steering control.
Working Algorithm Working Algorithm

When Brake is Applied,

1.Sense wheel speed using sensors.
2.Is wheel experiencing abnormal deceleration?
3.If no, increase brake pressure go to step1.
If yes, reduce brake pressure to that wheel until acceleration is detected,
Go to step 1

This is an algorithm in one of the simpler systems.

The Controller can do this very quickly(18 times a second).

Since the valves open and close rapidly, a pulsing sensation can be felt on the brake
pedal.
 ANTI-LOCK BRAKES
ABS brake system are
•Integrated
•Nonintegrated

• An integrated system has the master cylinder and

control valve assembly made together.
• A nonintegrated has the master cylinder and
control valve assembly made separate.
 Open and closed systems:

 Open anti-lock system : The brake fluid released from the

brakes during ABS stop is not returned to the brake instead, the
fluid is stored in an accumulator during the ABS stop, then
returned to the master cylinder reservoir afterwards.
This type is used in simple-rear wheel-only ABS designs.

 Closed system: Closed system has some means, generally an

electrically powered pump, to restore hydraulic pressure that's
bled off during an ABS stop.
The pump supplies fluid to an accumulator, where it's stored
under pressure until is needed to increase brake line pressure.
The Advantages Of ABS
ABS will not decrease a vehicle’s stopping
distance compared to an identical vehicle without ABS, it
ensures that the shortest distance in which a vehicle can
be brought to rest is achieved. It is particularly effective
in doing this on surfaces which are wet or icy upon
which a vehicle is much more likely to skid.
The main benefit of ABS is the control that a driver
has over the vehicle’s steering. In an emergency the
driver of a vehicle equipped with ABS will have a better
chance of steering around the obstacle due to the
reduced risk of skidding.
 Disadvantages
• Increased braking distances under some limited
circumstances (snow, gravel, "soft" surfaces),

• Creation of a "false sense of security" among drivers who do

not understand the operation, and limitations of ABS.

• The anti-lock brakes are more sensitive on the damper

condition. the influence of the worn components on the
performance of the vehicle with anti-lock brakes is more
significant than without anti-lock brakes, the stopping
distance with defective shocks is by meters.
 Traction Control
•Traction control is used to prevent the wheels from slipping under
acceleration

•Using the car’s ABS speed sensors at the wheels, the Traction Control
computer compares the drive wheel’s speed to the car’s road speed.

•If drive wheel speed is more than road speed, it means loss of grip has
occurred

In such a situation, traction control cuts in to reduce the drive wheel torque.

Torque can be cut down by

•Reducing amount of power supplied by engine.

•Applying brakes to the wheel which spins.

So, actually traction control can be thought

of as ABS working in reverse. -
 Electronic Stability Control
• Founded in 1995 jointly by Robert Bosch and Daimler
• Helps maintain control of a vehicle by keeping it headed in the direction the driver
wants it to go
• Prevents or reduces oversteer and understeer by constantly comparing the
direction of the vehicle’s front wheels – its intended direction – with its actual
direction
• Applies brakes selectively to individual wheels to keep the vehicle from fishtailing.
• To determine whether a vehicle has begun to skid, it compares data with a
computer algorithm stored on microcontrollers.

ESC is the sum of the functions:

1. ABS Anti-lock Brake System

2. EBD Electronic Brake force Distribution
3. TCS Traction Control System
4. AYC Active Yaw Control
Modern Electronic Stability Control (ESC or ESP) systems
• An evolution of the ABS concept. Here, a minimum of two
additional sensors are added to help the system work: these are a
steering wheel angle sensor, and a gyroscopic sensor.
•The theory of operation is simple: when the gyroscopic sensor
detects that the direction taken by the car does not coincide with
what the steering wheel sensor reports, the ESC software will brake
the necessary individual wheel(s) (up to three with the most
sophisticated systems), so that the vehicle goes the way the driver
intends.
•The steering wheel sensor also helps in the operation of Cornering
Brake Control (CBC), since this will tell the ABS that wheels on the
inside of the curve should brake more than wheels on the outside,
and by how much
 Yaw rate sensor
This process is known as measuring the yaw rate. A sensor which operates according to
a gyroscopic principle has been used .
ESC corrects the situation when a
vehicle is understeered
If the front wheels of an understeered
vehicle drift outwards, braking applied
to the rear wheel on the inside of the
curve develops a compensating yaw
moment which returns the vehicle to
the desired course again.

ESC corrects the situation when a

vehicle is oversteered
If the vehicle threatens to oversteer
with the rear of the car breaking away,
braking is applied to the front wheel on
the outside of the curve. The
compensating moment operating in a
clockwise direction turns the vehicle
into the desired direction again.
• Sudden wrenching of the steering wheel

3 4

• 1) Vehicle tends to break away.

Automatic braking-pressure rise at the front right
wheel
2) Vehicle is stable
3) Vehicle tends to break away.
Automatic braking-pressure rise at the front left
wheel
4) Vehicle is stable
Driving on varying road surfaces
– Vehicle tends to break away (understeer):
– ESP intervenes and brakes the right rear wheel while
at the same time reducing engine torque

28