Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lubricants &
Introduction 1 Petroleum Specialties Company
THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Lubricants &
Introduction 2 Petroleum Specialties Company
WHAT IS AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Lubricants &
Introduction 3 Petroleum Specialties Company
THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF A RECIPROCATING
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
CAMSHAFT
ROCKERS
VALVE
VALVE SPRINGS
CYLINDER HEAD
PISTON
PISTON RINGS
CYLINDER BLOCK
OIL FILTER
JOURNAL BEARINGS
OIL PUMP
OIL
Lubricants &
Introduction 4 Petroleum Specialties Company
Lubricants &
Introduction 5 Petroleum Specialties Company
FOUR-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
INTAKE
VALVE
EXHAUST
VALVE
Lubricants &
Introduction 7 Petroleum Specialties Company
TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
Lubricants &
Introduction 8 Petroleum Specialties Company
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A TWO STROKE ENGINE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
CHEAP TO MANUFACTURE INEFFICIENT
NOISE
NEW TWO STROKE ENGINES ARE APPEARING WHICH HAVE DIFFERENT VALVE
Lubricants &
Introduction 9 Petroleum Specialties Company
GASOLINE AND DIESEL COMBUSTION
FUEL
SPARK
INJECTOR
PLUG
Lubricants &
Introduction 10 Petroleum Specialties Company
ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS OF
A GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINE
SPARK PLUG
FUEL INJECTOR
FUEL PUMP
DISTRIBUTOR
Lubricants &
Introduction 11 Petroleum Specialties Company
CARBURETTOR - TYPES OF GASOLINE FUELLING
CARBURETTOR FLOAT
CHAMBER
AIR IN
FROM AIR FILTER
CHOKE THROTTLE
Lubricants &
Introduction 12 Petroleum Specialties Company
TYPES OF GASOLINE FUELLING - FUEL INJECTION
VERTICAL
INLET PORT
FUEL INJECTOR ENGINE
FROM FUEL PUMP
MANAGEMENT
HIGH
PRESSURE
SWIRL
INJECTOR
THROTTLE
CONCAVE
PISTON CROWN
INDUCTION STROKE
Lubricants &
Introduction 13 Petroleum Specialties Company
DIESEL ENGINE FUELLING SYSTEMS
INJECTOR INJECTOR
AIR AIR
PRE-CHAMBER
COMBUSTION
BOWL
Lubricants &
Introduction 15 Petroleum Specialties Company
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES -
COMPARISON OF GASOLINE vs. DIESEL
GASOLINE DIESEL
AIR TO FUEL RATIO ABOUT 14.6:1 VARIABLE AIR / FUEL RATIO
(STOICHIOMETRIC) (ALWAYS RUNS IN EXCESS AIR)
LOW COMPRESSION RATIO 9.5:1 HIGH COMPRESSION RATIO 14-20:1
HIGH POWER TO WEIGHT RATIO CHEAP FUEL
LOW PARTICULATE LEVELS MORE FUEL EFFICIENT
SMALL IN SIZE, AND LIGHT LONGER LIFE SPAN
CHEAP TO BUY GOOD RELIABILITY
GENERALLY QUIETER CHEAP TO RUN
EMISSIONS CONTROLLED BY CATALYST LOW CO AND H/C LEVELS
• GASOLINE OFFERS GOOD POWER TO WEIGHT RATIO, SMALL SIZE, CHEAPER TO BUY
AND GENERALLY QUIETER, THEREFORE MORE APPEALING FOR THE PASSENGER CAR MARKET
• DIESEL IS MORE COST EFFECTIVE IN THE LONG TERM, HAS A LONGER LIFE SPAN,
LOW MAINTENANCE, AND GOOD EFFICIENCY, WHICH APPEALS TO THE COMMERCIAL MARKET
Lubricants &
Introduction 16 Petroleum Specialties Company
ENGINE BREATHING SYSTEMS
TWO CATEGORIES FOR ENGINE BREATHING:
Lubricants &
Introduction 17 Petroleum Specialties Company
TURBOCHARGING AND SUPERCHARGING
TURBOCHARGING SUPERCHARGING
AIR IN
EXHAUST
AIR IN
GASES
COMPRESSOR DRIVEN
FROM CRANKSHAFT
EXHAUST
GASES
Lubricants &
Introduction 18 Petroleum Specialties Company
Lubricants &
Introduction 19 Petroleum Specialties Company
Lubricants &
Introduction 20 Petroleum Specialties Company
THE ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ROCKER ARM
SHAFT
BIG END
BEARING MAIN OIL
GALLERY
OIL PUMP
CRANKSHAFT AND FILTERS
MAIN BEARINGS
Lubricants &
Introduction 21 Petroleum Specialties Company
Engine Lubricants
Engine Oil Functions
Cooling
Anti-Wear
Sealing
Cleanliness
Diagnosis Anti-corrosion
Lubricants &
Introduction 22 Petroleum Specialties Company
DIFFERENT VALVE CONFIGURATIONS
ROCKER
CAMSHAFT
BUCKET
TAPPET
PUSHROD
CAMSHAFT TAPPETS
MULTI-VALVE TECHNOLOGY GIVES HIGHER AIR FLOW CAPABILITIES TO PRODUCE MORE POWER
Lubricants &
Introduction 23 Petroleum Specialties Company
Lubricants &
Introduction 24 Petroleum Specialties Company
5 VALVES PER CYLINDER
HYDRAULIC TAPPETS
CLEARANCE
Lubricants &
Introduction 26 Petroleum Specialties Company
HYDRAULIC TAPPETS
OIL FROM
HYDRAULIC TAPPET
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
DIAGRAM SUPPLIED BY VW
Lubricants &
Introduction 27 Petroleum Specialties Company
FOUL AIR VENTING
TO THE INLET
MANIFOLD
BLOW-BY GASES
FROM THE COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
Lubricants &
Introduction 28 Petroleum Specialties Company