04 – 05

INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATION

Causes
1. Mechanical : Blow, Sprain, Trauma.
2. Physical : Excessive cold or heat,
Electricity, Irradiation.
3. Chemical : Caustics, alkalis, acids,
poisons
4. Bacterial, Viral, Microorganisms.
5. Allergic reaction
 Symptoms
FIVE cardinal, fundamental or chief symptoms
1. Rubor
2. Calor
3. Tumor
4. Dolar
5. Functio laesa.
Tissue changes are

1. Hyperaemia.
2. Inflammatory edema.
3. Diapedesis of erythrocytes.
 Classification
According to acuteness of onset, intensity of
symptoms and duration of course:

I. Acute inflammation:
Acute inflammation is
caused by a severe irritant, the
symptoms are very pronounced
2) Sub acute inflammation:
3) Chronic inflammation:

Caused by mild and frequently repeated attack of an

irritant. The characteristic feature of chronic inflammation is
formation of fibrous tissue.
 2. According to nature of exudates:

a) Serous inflammation

Inflammation of serous
membranes like peritoneum
and pleura wherein a serous
exudate is produced.
b) Haemorrhagic inflammation
where RBC’s are present in the inflammatory exudates.

Haemorrhagic inflammation
c) Fibrinous inflammation
In which the exudates contains large
quantities of fibrin.
d) Purulent inflammation
It is characterized by the formation of pus
e) Phlegmonous inflammation
Caused by pyogenic organisms, presenting a semi-purulent or
purulent exudates

PARA T B
f) Catarrhal inflammation
Inflammation affecting mucous surface which is
marked by discharge of mucus and epithelial debris.

INTESTINAL MUCOSA -NEMATODE

g) Diphtheric inflammation
Affecting mucus surfaces characterized by the
formation of a false membrane.
E.g. inflammation caused by Fusiformis necroforous.
 3.Based on sequel or tissue changes:

a)Adhesive inflammation

which brings about adhesion of opposing surfaces

INTESTINAL ADHESIONS
b) Obliterative inflammation
Inflammation of lining membrane of a cavity or a
vessel which results in adhesion between the
surfaces and consequent obliteration of the lumen.

INTESTINAL LUMEN -ADHESION

c) Hyperplastic inflammation

It leads to formation of new connective tissue in abundance

d) Atropic inflammation

which results in atrophy and deformity.

e) Granulomatous inflammation
The inflamed tissues resembling granulation tissue.
e.g. inflammation caused by Actinomyces,
Mycobacterium.
f) Necrotic inflammation
In which there is death of affected tissue
 4.According to extent of tissue involved
a) Disseminated inflammation-
where in there are a number of distinct foci.
b) Diffuse inflammation
spread over a large area or one which affects both
interstitial and parenchymatous tissue

LIVER
c) Focal inflammation

confined to particular spot or area.

d) Parenchymatous inflammation

Affecting primarily the essential tissue elements

(parenchymal organs)
 5. Based on etiology:

a) Specific inflammation

caused by any particular microorganism.

Parasitic inflammation
b) Traumatic inflammation

caused by an injury.
c) Allergic inflammation
caused by substances that are allergic

d) Toxic inflammation
caused by toxic substances

INSECT BITE
 6.Depending on location:

a) Metastatic inflammation
one that is produced in a distant part by conveyance of infective
material through the blood or lymph.

INTESTINAL LYMPHOMA
b) Reactive inflammation

Occurring about a foreign body or focus.

INTESTINE PARASITE
Termination of inflammation

• Delitescence
• Resolution
• Suppuration
• Gangrene
• Induration
Treatment of acute inflammation

• Remove the cause

• Cold and astringent application
• Warm application
• Anodyne preparation (eg : Cocainised
vaseline, Iodoform ointment)
• Scarification
• Antiseptic application
• Bier’s hyperemic treatment
• Massage and compression
 Treatment of sub acute and chronic
inflammation
1. Moist heat
2. Massage
3. Compression
4. Counterirritant
a. Rubifacients : Liniments
b. Blisters
i. Bin iodide of mercury
ii. Wyles green blister
iii. James’s liquid blisters
c. Pustulants : Setons and Rowels
d. Actual Cautary : Electrocautary, Thermocautary,
Firing, Milk acids(carbolic acid).