m
  

‡ Transformer - an electrical device

constructed of two coils placed in close
proximity to each other so that there is a
mutual inductance between the two coils
Ê


 


‡ A changing
electromagnetic
field produced
by the current in
one coil will
cause an
induced voltage
in the second
coil because of
mutual
inductance.
 2
 
 
 


 

Air-core and ferrite-core transformers generally used for high

frequency applications.
Iron-core generally used for audio frequency and power
applications.
2
 m
 
‡ Input connected to
primary winding
‡ Load connected to
secondary winding
‡ No physical
connection
between input and
load
± isolation
m
  



‡ Wires are coated

with varnish
insulation to prevent
shorts
‡ Amount of magnetic
coupling between
primary and
secondary is set by:
± core material
± relative positions
of the windings
m
 



R
  m

m
  
 m  


‡ Important parameter for transformers
‡ Ratio of the number of turns in the primary
winding to the number of turns in the secondary
winding
pri
‡ Expressed as a ratio Turns Ratio 
sec
± 4:1 (spoken as ³ 4 to 1´)
± There are 4 windings in primary for every one turns in
the secondary
± Determines the voltage induced into the secondary
  m  


‡ A given transformer ‡ A given transformer
has 1000 turns in the has 1000 turns in the
primary and 2000 primary and 200 turns
turns in the secondary. in the secondary. Find
Find the turns ratio. the turns ratio.

  


‡ The turns ratio determines the voltage induced in
the secondary.
‡ It is a direct proportional relationship.
P VP

S VS

‡ If the turns ratio is known, the secondary voltage

can be determined for any voltage applied to the
primary
 R
  m
 
‡ A step-up transformer ‡ Example:
has more turns in the ± A transformer has a
secondary than in the turns ratio of 1:3.
primary. ± Applying 100 AC to
the primary will result
‡ The voltage induced
in a secondary voltage
into the secondary will of 300 AC.
be greater than the
‡ !
 m
  
voltage applied to the
 m   

primary.




 R
  m
  
‡ A given transformer ‡ A given transformer
has 250 turns in the has 370 turns in the
primary and 500 turns primary and 2020
in the secondary. If turns in the secondary.
the primary voltage is If the primary voltage
120 AC, what is the is 24 AC, what is the
secondary voltage? secondary voltage?
 R

m
  
‡ The opposite of step-up
transformers.
‡ There are more turns in
the primary than in the
secondary.
‡ The voltage induced into
the secondary will be less
than the voltage applied to
the primary
‡ Example:
± A transformer has a
turns ratio of 3:1
± Applying 100 AC to
the primary will result
in a secondary voltage
of 33.3 AC.
 R

m
  
‡ A given transformer ‡ A given transformer
has 500 turns in the has 2020 turns in the
primary and 250 turns primary and 370 turns
in the secondary. If in the secondary. If
the primary voltage is the primary voltage is
120 AC, what is the 24 AC, what is the
secondary voltage? secondary voltage?
   m
  
‡ The power delivered to the load connected
to the secondary will always be the same as
the power available in the primary.
‡ Assuming no losses, pri will always = sec
‡ ower is a function of voltage and current
± pri = Ipri ‡ pri
± sec = Isec ‡ sec



m
  
‡ ince the power in the ‡ Assume a step-down
transformer of 2:1 has 10 volts
secondary must applied to the primary and the
always = the power in secondary load requires 1 amp.
the primary, the ‡ The secondary voltage will be 5
volts.
current in the primary ‡ The power in the secondary will
and secondary are be 5 watts.
inverse relationships ‡ That 5 watts must be supplied
by the primary.
‡ The primary has 10 volts
applied, therefore the Ipri must
be 500 ma.



m
  



m
  
‡ Current is an inverse proportion of voltage
‡ oltage is a direct proportion of the turns
ratio.
N pri pri Isec
 
N sec sec I pri

‡ Note that current relationship is inverted.

 
 m
  

‡ As shown, how
much current is
flowing through
the load?
‡ If turns ratio is
doubled, what is
Isec?
Ipri = 100 ma ‡ If turns ratio is
halved, what is
Isec?
 
 m
  

‡ As shown, how
much current is
flowing through
the load?
‡ If turns ratio is
doubled, what is
Isec?
Ipri = 100 ma ‡ If turns ratio is
halved, what is
Isec?

  
  

 
 m

R

Ê 
 R


‡ Multiple secondaries
allow several different
voltages to be induced
by the same input.
‡ Each section is treated
as a separate
transformer with its
own turns ratio.
‡ um of the secondary
power cannot exceed
the max specified
primary power
Ê 
 R


‡ Find the
induced
secondary
voltages as
indicated
± A-B =
± C-D =
± C-CT =
± D-CT =
± E-F =
Ê 
  


‡ Either primary can

be used alone
‡ rimaries can be
connected in series
for less voltage in
the secondary
‡ rimaries can be
connected in
parallel for
increased current
`


 
 m
  
‡ Reflected Load
± A load connected to the secondary of a transformer
appears to have a resistance that is not necessarily equal
to the actual resistance of the load.
± The actual load is essentially ³ 
´ into the
primary circuit altered by the turns ratio.
± This reflected load (Rpri) is what the primary source
effectively sees and it determines the amount of
primary current.
  

  



 


pri sec
R pri  R sec 
I pri Isec
R pri  pri
 sec
 pri
 Isec
D
  D  DD   DD 
R sec  I pri D  Isec  I pri D
  sec 
by substituti on :
2
R pri  N pri
 N pri
 N pri

  DD   DD   DD
R sec  N sec  N sec  N sec
 
 





2
 N pri
R pri pri

pri
 DD 
 N sec R sec sec sec

‡ Therefore:
p Vp I p
  s  and Pp  Ps
s Vs Ip s

 

 
 

2
pri 

1
  D
100- 4
pri 12

100- 42
2 1
pri  N pri
pri

  DD
100- 16
sec  N sec
16 pri  100-
pri  6.25-
m
  
‡ = I2R
‡ Calculate the load
power for each value
of RL
± 25 -
± 50 -
± 75 -
± 100 -
± 125 -
 Ê
  
m
 m 
‡ When a source is connected to a load,
maximum power is delivered to the load
when the load resistance (
) is
equal to the source output resistance
(
).
‡ Transformers can be used for 



 purposes.


 Ê



The 1:2 step-up transformer causes the reflected load

impedance to appear to be 75-. Therefore there is
maximum power transferred from the source to the load.

 
  




 
  




 
 




 
 



 
 




    


  
 

 
 




    


  
 

 `  
 Word
roblem ` 

‡


 Ê


An audio amplifier has an output impedance
of 800 -. The speakers to be used have an
impedance of 8 -. A coupling transformer
must be used to ensure maximum power
transfer from the amplifier to the speaker.
What must the turns ratio be?
 m
  
‡ Up to this point, only 
 transformers have been
considered. However, there is no such thing as an
ideal component.
‡ There are 4 types of transformer losses that must
be considered:
± copper losses
± flux leakage
± hysteresis losses
± eddy current losses
 m
  
‡ Losses in a transformer are indicated by the
efficiency specified by the manufacturer.
‡  a transformer that is 95% efficient will
deliver only 95% of the primary power to
the secondary.
‡ Most, but not all losses are dissipated in the
form of heat. The transformer will be
warm.
  
‡ Copper loss is caused by the ohmic
resistance of the windings. Heat (I2R) is
dissipated in both the primary and
secondary windings.
‡ Can be overcome by using larger diameter
wire (or lower resistance wire) in the
windings.
  


‡

magnetic leakage
‡ Caused by not all the flux lines produced in the
primary cutting the secondary.
‡ Can be reduced, but not completely eliminated, by
using tighter coupling and/or using a magnetic
core.
‡ This type loss appears as a slightly lower
secondary voltage than expected for a given turns
ratio.
 
  
‡ Apparent in transformers using a ferromagnetic
core.
‡ Caused by the residual magnetism left in the core
material by the magnetizing force of the flux lines
generated.
‡ Appears as heat loss (warm operation).
‡ Can be minimized by using a core material that
has low retentivity, such as soft iron or permalloy.
  

‡ Appear in transformers using iron cores.
‡ Electron flow is perpendicular to the magnetic
lines of force.
‡ The core material is an electrical conductor as well
as a magnetic conductor.
‡ Electrical current will flow in the core material in
a circular motion