Motivation

• Motivation – force impelling behavior

and giving direction.
• Motivation – factors that ALERT, DIRECT and SUSTAIN goal
directed behavior.
• - is a goal directed behavior.
• Need – a state of deprivation or deficiency.
• Drives – states of uncomfortable “Tension”
that spurs activity until goal or incentives is
reached.
• - a state of bodily tension.
• Goal or Incentive – a condition which
motivated organism seeks to attain in
order to satisfy some need.
• Tension Reduction diagram :
» Need

» Drive

» Incentive

» Motivation – describes goal directed behavior

resulting from a state of tension.
• Concept of Motivation

• S. Freud - “Life inherits “ LIBIDO AND MORTIDO

• 2 basic motives
• 1. Life instinct - urges which have to do with survival. Derived
energy with Libido and the large amount of energy is invested in the
Sex urge.
• Sex applies to all several forms of satisfaction.
• 1. self ( narcism)
• 2. towards other (object is Love)
• 3. unreal fantasies (introversion) that it may remain in infinite level
(fixation)
• or expressed socially approved (sublimation)
• 2. Death instinct - destructive urges
• The totality of mans striving motivation shows :
• Constructive responses (life instinct
• Destructive responses ( death instinct)
• Alfred – Adler’s “Superiority and Compensation theory”
• Activity characterized : To overcome minus situation of
inferiority by achieving a plus situation of superiority.

• Important motive is superiority and power : A form of

compensatory behavior.

• Result behavior: to dominate others, generate hostility

towards other, to develop social and anti social attitudes.
• Example: People suffer a sense of physical helplessness
for which they compensate to political rights.
• Functions of Motives
• 1. Activates the Individual
– Once motive is aroused – tension is felt – motive is to impel the
organism into a state of readiness.
2. Leads , guides and regulates behavior.
Action is directed towards a goal. Motive serves a directional
purpose.
3. Determine which response will satisfy the needs and lead to the
incentive.
Response will be selectively regulated, only those which satisfy
may be reinforced.
• Kinds of Motives:
• 1. Physiological motives ( biological, basic
primary, organic)
• A. need for food D. need for activity
• B. need for water f. shelter / proper
• temperature
• C. need for sleep and rest
• 2. Psychological Motives ( universal
motives)
• A. Need for affection, need to belong
• B. Need for achievement, self esteem ,
social recognition ( Mastery motive)
• C. Need for independence
• Note: The need for achievement: the
need to excel on what we do.
• Extrinsic motivation- a desire for external
rewards.

• Intrinsic motivation – desire for internal

gratification such as self satisfaction / pleasure
derived from accomplishing a particular task.
• Therefore, Achievement situation can be pulled
by 2 kinds of motives:
• 1. Achievement motivation – a desire to achieve
success.
• 2. Avoidance motivation – desire to avoid failure.